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Questions and Answers
Which muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body?
When does ovulation occur in the cow?
What structure is responsible for the release of progesterone during pregnancy?
What is the primary stimulus for the release of insulin?
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What does the pineal gland secrete?
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Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in what species?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of glucocorticoid usage?
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How long is the gestation period in the mare?
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A radiograph that has been overexposed is:
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A 25 kg dog arrives at the clinic with 6% dehydration. How much fluid is needed to correct this?
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What type of placentation do ruminants have?
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How many upper incisors do adult cattle have?
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What is the common disease affecting the digit in horses?
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What is the normal body temperature of a kitten during its first 2 weeks?
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Which instrument is suitable for handling heavy tissues during surgery?
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What is unique about a ruminant's mouth?
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What is the most common site of feed impactions in horses?
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What process moves food along the digestive tract?
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How many milliliters of furosemide are required for a 25-pound dog needing 2 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously, with a concentration of 5 mg/mL?
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What is the correct term to describe an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain?
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Which class of drugs is used to reduce oral secretions and raise heart rate before anesthetic induction?
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What is a common side effect of narcotics in dogs?
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Where is the sensitive part of a horse's hoof found?
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What does 'Founder' refer to in horses?
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Where does microbial fermentation mainly occur in a ruminant's digestive system?
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Which species requires vitamin C supplements in its diet to prevent scurvy?
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What is the term that is used to refer to the body's ability to sense movement, action, and location?
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Which type of drugs is commonly used to produce sedation and relaxation in animals?
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What is the term for a condition characterized by inflammation of the digital laminae in horses?
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What is the first line of treatment for an animal in shock ?
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What is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression?
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Which of the following is not commonly used during CPR?
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What is the first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus?
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What is not commonly used in emergency drugs?
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In which patients should vomiting not be induced?
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What is the color of the mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock?
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What is the correct term for an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain?
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Which short-acting insulin is selected to quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis?
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In what units is insulin’s concentration expressed?
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How long do vitamin C levels in guinea pig food last?
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atropine is contraindicated in which species?
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What piece of equipment facilitates intubating a patient?
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In which animal is a noncuffed endotracheal tube most likely to be used?
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What is the length of estrus in a dog?
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What is considered to be the true stomach ruminant's digestive system?
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Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with:
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What results from an exaggerated diestrus?
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What is known as the milk "let down reflex"?
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A patient needs 25 mg of furosemide, which comes as a 5% solution. How many mls do you draw up?
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What type of uterus do dogs have?
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What process moves food along the digestive tract?
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What is the first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus?
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What type of pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure?
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The mucous membranes of a cat in liver failure are
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A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in:
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What is the primary stimulus for the release of insulin?
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The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated:
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What is the correct treatment for an animal in shock after a car accident?
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What is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression?
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For anesthetic emergencies, which of the following is not commonly used?
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Considering emergency drugs, which of the following is generally not used?
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What is the primary source of energy for horses and ruminants?
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General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include:
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To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is:
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Where does microbial fermentation mainly occur in ruminants?
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What is the average frequency of rumination for all ruminants?
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Classes of drugs that reduce oral secretions and raise heart rate before anesthetic induction include:
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Narcotics in dogs often lead to:
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What type of placentation do ruminants have?
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What is unique about a ruminant's mouth?
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The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in:
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What is the actual true stomach called in ruminants?
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Microbial fermentation in a ruminant's digestive system mainly happens in:
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What process moves food along the digestive tract?
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Which disease is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper?
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What should not be given to puppies or kittens?
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What is the normal body temperature of a kitten during its first 2 weeks?
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What is the drip rate for a dog weighing 20 kilograms that needs 75 mls of IV fluids per hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- The cremaster muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body.
- The gestation period in the mare is 326-354 days.
- Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
- Adult cattle have 0 upper incisors.
- Cloven-hoofed animals have 2 or 3 phalanges on each digit.
Reproductive System
- Ovulation in cows occurs 1-2 days after estrus.
- The primary ovarian structure responsible for estrogen release is the follicle.
- Pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.
Endocrine System
- The primary stimulus for insulin release is an elevated level of blood glucose.
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
Pharmacology
- Glucocorticoid usage can lead to polyuria as a common side effect.
- The veterinarian may prescribe IV fluids to correct dehydration.
Veterinary Medicine
- Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.
- Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
- A common equine disease affecting the digit in horses is navicular disease.
- Horses and ruminants obtain energy from volatile fatty acids produced during fermentation.
- Fermentation in horses mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
Surgery
- The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is rat tooth forceps.
- The abdominal organ missing in horses and rats is the gallbladder.
Digestive System
- Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found in the pelvic flexure.
- Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach, with the rumen being the actual true stomach.
- Food is moved along the digestive tract by peristalsis.
Diseases
- Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
- Feline panleukopenia involves sloughing of intestinal epithelial cells, causing hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
- Founder in horses refers to laminitis.
Nutrition
- Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.
- Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.
Emergency and Critical Care
- Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves administering intravenous fluids.
- Doxapram is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression.
- General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.
Other
- A radiograph that has been overexposed is too dark.
- Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to fasting before anesthesia.
Emergency Medicine
- The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
- Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
- Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
- The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.
Endocrinology
- To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
- Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
- The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.
Surgery and Anesthesia
- The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
- A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
- Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
- Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.
Reproductive Medicine
- Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
- The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
- The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.
Pharmacology
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
- Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
- Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.
Diagnostic Imaging
- A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
- The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.
Clinical Pathology
- A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
- Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
- Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
- A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.
Gastroenterology
- Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
- In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
- Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.
Surgery
- The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
- Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
- In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
- The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.
Infectious Diseases
- Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
- Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.
Critical Care
- Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
- To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
- For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
- General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.
Cardiology
- A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.
Neurology
- To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.
Ophthalmology
- The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.
Nutrition
- Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.
Emergency Medicine
- The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
- Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
- Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
- The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.
Endocrinology
- To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
- Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
- The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.
Surgery and Anesthesia
- The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
- A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
- Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
- Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.
Reproductive Medicine
- Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
- The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
- The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.
Pharmacology
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
- Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
- Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.
Diagnostic Imaging
- A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
- The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.
Clinical Pathology
- A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
- Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
- Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
- A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.
Gastroenterology
- Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
- In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
- Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.
Surgery
- The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
- Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
- In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
- The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.
Infectious Diseases
- Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
- Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.
Critical Care
- Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
- To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
- For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
- General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.
Cardiology
- A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.
Neurology
- To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.
Ophthalmology
- The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.
Nutrition
- Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.
Ruminant Facts
- Average frequency of ruminations for all ruminants is every 5 minutes.
Anatomy of Horses
- Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found at the pelvic flexure.
IV Fluid Administration
- To administer 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set, the drip rate would be 75 drops per minute.
Placentation in Ruminants
- Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
Cattle Dentition
- Adult cattle have no upper incisors.
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Test your knowledge of reproductive biology with questions on muscles, ovulation, and ovarian structures.
