VTAC Assessment

Anatomy and Physiology

• The cremaster muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body.
• The gestation period in the mare is 326-354 days.
• Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
• Adult cattle have 0 upper incisors.
• Cloven-hoofed animals have 2 or 3 phalanges on each digit.

Reproductive System

• Ovulation in cows occurs 1-2 days after estrus.
• The primary ovarian structure responsible for estrogen release is the follicle.
• Pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

Endocrine System

• The primary stimulus for insulin release is an elevated level of blood glucose.
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin.

Pharmacology

• Glucocorticoid usage can lead to polyuria as a common side effect.
• The veterinarian may prescribe IV fluids to correct dehydration.

Veterinary Medicine

• Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.
• Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
• A common equine disease affecting the digit in horses is navicular disease.
• Horses and ruminants obtain energy from volatile fatty acids produced during fermentation.
• Fermentation in horses mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.

Surgery

• The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is rat tooth forceps.
• The abdominal organ missing in horses and rats is the gallbladder.

Digestive System

• Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found in the pelvic flexure.
• Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach, with the rumen being the actual true stomach.
• Food is moved along the digestive tract by peristalsis.

Diseases

• Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
• Feline panleukopenia involves sloughing of intestinal epithelial cells, causing hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
• Founder in horses refers to laminitis.

Nutrition

• Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.
• Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

Emergency and Critical Care

• Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves administering intravenous fluids.
• Doxapram is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression.
• General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

Other

• A radiograph that has been overexposed is too dark.
• Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to fasting before anesthesia.

Emergency Medicine

• The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
• Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
• Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
• The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.

Endocrinology

• To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
• Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
• The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.

Surgery and Anesthesia

• The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
• A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
• Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
• Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.

Reproductive Medicine

• Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
• The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
• The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

Pharmacology

• The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
• Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
• Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.

Diagnostic Imaging

• A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
• The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.

Clinical Pathology

• A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
• Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
• Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
• A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.

Gastroenterology

• Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
• In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
• Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.

Surgery

• The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
• Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
• In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
• The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.

Infectious Diseases

• Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
• Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.

Critical Care

• Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
• To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
• For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
• General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

Cardiology

• A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.

Neurology

• To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.

Ophthalmology

• The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.

Nutrition

• Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

Emergency Medicine

• The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
• Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
• Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
• The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.

Endocrinology

• To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
• Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
• The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.

Surgery and Anesthesia

• The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
• A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
• Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
• Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.

Reproductive Medicine

• Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
• The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
• The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

Pharmacology

• The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
• Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
• Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.

Diagnostic Imaging

• A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
• The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.

Clinical Pathology

• A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
• Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
• Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
• A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.

Gastroenterology

• Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
• In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
• Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.

Surgery

• The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
• Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
• In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
• The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.

Infectious Diseases

• Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
• Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.

Critical Care

• Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
• To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
• For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
• General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

Cardiology

• A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.

Neurology

• To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.

Ophthalmology

• The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.

Nutrition

• Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

Ruminant Facts

• Average frequency of ruminations for all ruminants is every 5 minutes.

Anatomy of Horses

• Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found at the pelvic flexure.

IV Fluid Administration

• To administer 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set, the drip rate would be 75 drops per minute.

Placentation in Ruminants

• Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.

Cattle Dentition

• Adult cattle have no upper incisors.