VTAC Assessment
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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body?

  • Kegel muscle
  • Retractor testicle muscle
  • Cremaster muscle (correct)
  • Retractor penis muscle
  • When does ovulation occur in the cow?

  • After estrus
  • Midestrus
  • 1 to 2 days after estrus
  • 12 hours after standing heat (correct)
  • What structure is responsible for the release of progesterone during pregnancy?

  • Corpus luteum (correct)
  • Placenta
  • Follicle
  • Corpus hemorrhagicum
  • What is the primary stimulus for the release of insulin?

    <p>An elevated level of blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pineal gland secrete?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in what species?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of glucocorticoid usage?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the gestation period in the mare?

    <p>326 - 354 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A radiograph that has been overexposed is:

    <p>Too dark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 25 kg dog arrives at the clinic with 6% dehydration. How much fluid is needed to correct this?

    <p>1500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of placentation do ruminants have?

    <p>Cotyledonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many upper incisors do adult cattle have?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common disease affecting the digit in horses?

    <p>Navicular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body temperature of a kitten during its first 2 weeks?

    <p>100°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is suitable for handling heavy tissues during surgery?

    <p>Rat tooth forceps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about a ruminant's mouth?

    <p>Presence of a dental pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of feed impactions in horses?

    <p>Pelvic flexure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process moves food along the digestive tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliliters of furosemide are required for a 25-pound dog needing 2 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously, with a concentration of 5 mg/mL?

    <p>4.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term to describe an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain?

    <p>Comatose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is used to reduce oral secretions and raise heart rate before anesthetic induction?

    <p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of narcotics in dogs?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sensitive part of a horse's hoof found?

    <p>Frog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Founder' refer to in horses?

    <p>Laminitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does microbial fermentation mainly occur in a ruminant's digestive system?

    <p>Rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species requires vitamin C supplements in its diet to prevent scurvy?

    <p>Guinea pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that is used to refer to the body's ability to sense movement, action, and location?

    <p>proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs is commonly used to produce sedation and relaxation in animals?

    <p>Tranquilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by inflammation of the digital laminae in horses?

    <p>Laminitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of treatment for an animal in shock ?

    <p>Intravenous fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression?

    <p>Doxapram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not commonly used during CPR?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus?

    <p>Diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not commonly used in emergency drugs?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients should vomiting not be induced?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock?

    <p>Brick red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain?

    <p>Comatose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which short-acting insulin is selected to quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Regular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what units is insulin’s concentration expressed?

    <p>Units per milliliter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do vitamin C levels in guinea pig food last?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    atropine is contraindicated in which species?

    <p>Ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What piece of equipment facilitates intubating a patient?

    <p>Laryngoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal is a noncuffed endotracheal tube most likely to be used?

    <p>Newborn kitten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of estrus in a dog?

    <p>10-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered to be the true stomach ruminant's digestive system?

    <p>Rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with:

    <p>IV calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from an exaggerated diestrus?

    <p>Pseudopregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is known as the milk "let down reflex"?

    <p>lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient needs 25 mg of furosemide, which comes as a 5% solution. How many mls do you draw up?

    <p>0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of uterus do dogs have?

    <p>duplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process moves food along the digestive tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus?

    <p>Diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Tension pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mucous membranes of a cat in liver failure are

    <p>Icteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in:

    <p>Newborn kitten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for the release of insulin?

    <p>An elevated level of blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated:

    <p>Diethystrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct treatment for an animal in shock after a car accident?

    <p>Intravenous fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression?

    <p>Doxapram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For anesthetic emergencies, which of the following is not commonly used?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering emergency drugs, which of the following is generally not used?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for horses and ruminants?

    <p>Volatile fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include:

    <p>Inactivated charcoal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is:

    <p>Comatose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does microbial fermentation mainly occur in ruminants?

    <p>Cecum and large colon (both ventral and dorsal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average frequency of rumination for all ruminants?

    <p>Every 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classes of drugs that reduce oral secretions and raise heart rate before anesthetic induction include:

    <p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Narcotics in dogs often lead to:

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of placentation do ruminants have?

    <p>Cotyledonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about a ruminant's mouth?

    <p>Presence of a dental pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in:

    <p>Frog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actual true stomach called in ruminants?

    <p>Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial fermentation in a ruminant's digestive system mainly happens in:

    <p>Rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process moves food along the digestive tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper?

    <p>Feline distemper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be given to puppies or kittens?

    <p>Cow's milk with higher fat and protein levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body temperature of a kitten during its first 2 weeks?

    <p>102°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drip rate for a dog weighing 20 kilograms that needs 75 mls of IV fluids per hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set?

    <p>20 drops per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • The cremaster muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body.
    • The gestation period in the mare is 326-354 days.
    • Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
    • Adult cattle have 0 upper incisors.
    • Cloven-hoofed animals have 2 or 3 phalanges on each digit.

    Reproductive System

    • Ovulation in cows occurs 1-2 days after estrus.
    • The primary ovarian structure responsible for estrogen release is the follicle.
    • Pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

    Endocrine System

    • The primary stimulus for insulin release is an elevated level of blood glucose.
    • The pineal gland secretes melatonin.

    Pharmacology

    • Glucocorticoid usage can lead to polyuria as a common side effect.
    • The veterinarian may prescribe IV fluids to correct dehydration.

    Veterinary Medicine

    • Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.
    • Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
    • A common equine disease affecting the digit in horses is navicular disease.
    • Horses and ruminants obtain energy from volatile fatty acids produced during fermentation.
    • Fermentation in horses mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.

    Surgery

    • The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is rat tooth forceps.
    • The abdominal organ missing in horses and rats is the gallbladder.

    Digestive System

    • Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found in the pelvic flexure.
    • Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach, with the rumen being the actual true stomach.
    • Food is moved along the digestive tract by peristalsis.

    Diseases

    • Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
    • Feline panleukopenia involves sloughing of intestinal epithelial cells, causing hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
    • Founder in horses refers to laminitis.

    Nutrition

    • Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.
    • Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

    Emergency and Critical Care

    • Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves administering intravenous fluids.
    • Doxapram is used to manage non-narcotic respiratory depression.
    • General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

    Other

    • A radiograph that has been overexposed is too dark.
    • Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to fasting before anesthesia.

    Emergency Medicine

    • The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
    • Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
    • Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
    • The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.

    Endocrinology

    • To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
    • Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
    • The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.

    Surgery and Anesthesia

    • The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
    • A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
    • Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
    • Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.

    Reproductive Medicine

    • Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
    • The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
    • The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

    Pharmacology

    • The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
    • Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
    • Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.

    Diagnostic Imaging

    • A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
    • The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.

    Clinical Pathology

    • A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
    • Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
    • Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
    • A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.

    Gastroenterology

    • Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
    • In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
    • Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.

    Surgery

    • The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
    • Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
    • In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
    • The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.

    Infectious Diseases

    • Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
    • Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.

    Critical Care

    • Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
    • To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
    • For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
    • General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

    Cardiology

    • A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.

    Neurology

    • To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.

    Ophthalmology

    • The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.

    Nutrition

    • Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

    Emergency Medicine

    • The first drug of choice for a cat experiencing status epilepticus is diazepam.
    • Tension pneumothorax occurs when the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure.
    • Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested kerosene or ethylene glycol.
    • The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are brick red.

    Endocrinology

    • To quickly treat diabetic ketoacidosis, regular short-acting insulin is selected.
    • Insulin's concentration is expressed in units per milliliter.
    • The primary stimulus for the release of insulin is an elevated level of blood glucose.

    Surgery and Anesthesia

    • The piece of equipment that facilitates intubating a patient is the laryngoscope.
    • A noncuffed endotracheal tube would most likely be used in a newborn kitten.
    • Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
    • Young puppies and kittens have fewer glucose reserves and face a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to the fasting required before anesthesia.

    Reproductive Medicine

    • Ovulation occurs in the cow 1 to 2 days after estrus.
    • The primary ovarian structure responsible for the release of estrogen is the follicle.
    • The condition known as pseudopregnancy can result from an exaggerated diestrus.

    Pharmacology

    • The pineal gland secretes melatonin.
    • Glucocorticoid usage can result in polyuria as a common side effect.
    • Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with IV calcium.

    Diagnostic Imaging

    • A radiograph that has been overexposed is not developable.
    • The drip rate for a 25 kg dog receiving 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set is 75 drops per minute.

    Clinical Pathology

    • A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 682 mL of fluid to correct the dehydration.
    • Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.
    • Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
    • A cloven-hoofed animal has 2 phalanges on each digit.

    Gastroenterology

    • Horses and ruminants obtain much of their energy from volatile fatty acids produced by microbes during fermentation.
    • In horses, fermentation mainly occurs in the cecum and large colon.
    • Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process of peristalsis.

    Surgery

    • The instrument suitable for handling tissues during surgery is the rat tooth forceps.
    • Horses and rats are missing a gallbladder.
    • In ruminants, the actual true stomach is called the abomasum.
    • The most common site of feed impactions in horses is the pelvic flexure.

    Infectious Diseases

    • Feline distemper is caused by the same type of organism as canine distemper.
    • Cow’s milk should not be given to puppies or kittens because it has higher fat and protein levels.

    Critical Care

    • Treating an animal in shock after a car accident involves the use of intravenous fluids.
    • To manage non-narcotic respiratory depression, doxapram is used.
    • For anesthetic emergencies, doxapram and intravenous corticosteroids are commonly used.
    • General antidotes effective against acid ingestion include inactivated charcoal.

    Cardiology

    • A dog with coughing and rapid breathing diagnosed with congestive heart failure requires the use of furosemide.

    Neurology

    • To record an unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, the correct term is comatose.

    Ophthalmology

    • The sensitive part of a horse's hoof is found in the frog.

    Nutrition

    • Vitamin C supplements must be added to the diet to prevent scurvy in guinea pigs.

    Ruminant Facts

    • Average frequency of ruminations for all ruminants is every 5 minutes.

    Anatomy of Horses

    • Feed impaction in horses is most commonly found at the pelvic flexure.

    IV Fluid Administration

    • To administer 300 mL of IV fluid in 1 hour using a 15 drops/mL IV administration set, the drip rate would be 75 drops per minute.

    Placentation in Ruminants

    • Ruminants have a cotyledonary type of placentation.

    Cattle Dentition

    • Adult cattle have no upper incisors.

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