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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ovary?
What is the primary function of the ovary?
What role does the epididymis play in the male reproductive system?
What role does the epididymis play in the male reproductive system?
Which structure in the eye is primarily responsible for processing black and white light?
Which structure in the eye is primarily responsible for processing black and white light?
Which component of the urinary system is responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Which component of the urinary system is responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
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What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by branching striated cells with a single nucleus?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by branching striated cells with a single nucleus?
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What distinguishes neurons from neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?
What distinguishes neurons from neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?
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Which of the following best describes connective tissue proper?
Which of the following best describes connective tissue proper?
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What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?
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Which pigment predominantly absorbs violet-blue and orange-red light during photosynthesis?
Which pigment predominantly absorbs violet-blue and orange-red light during photosynthesis?
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In which part of the plant does the Calvin Cycle predominantly occur?
In which part of the plant does the Calvin Cycle predominantly occur?
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What is the result of anaerobic fermentation in yeast?
What is the result of anaerobic fermentation in yeast?
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Which equation correctly represents cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
Which equation correctly represents cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
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Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
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Which statement about enzymes is correct?
Which statement about enzymes is correct?
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What color change indicates a positive result when testing for starch with iodine?
What color change indicates a positive result when testing for starch with iodine?
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What defines an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?
What defines an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?
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During osmosis, water moves from areas of _ to areas of _ concentration.
During osmosis, water moves from areas of _ to areas of _ concentration.
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What role does catalase play within peroxisomes?
What role does catalase play within peroxisomes?
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What are lipids primarily known for?
What are lipids primarily known for?
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Which solution has lower solute concentration compared to a cell?
Which solution has lower solute concentration compared to a cell?
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Which of these substances is considered a polysaccharide?
Which of these substances is considered a polysaccharide?
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Study Notes
Reproductive Systems
-
Female Reproductive Organs:
- Ovary: Produces eggs and sex hormones.
- Oviduct (Fallopian Tube): Conducts eggs toward the uterus.
- Uterus: Houses the developing fetus.
- Vagina: Receives the penis during copulation and serves as the birth canal.
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Male Reproductive Organs:
- Testis: Produces sperm and sex hormones.
- Epididymis: Stores maturing sperm.
- Vas deferens: Conducts and stores sperm.
- Seminal vesicle: Contributes secretions to semen.
- Prostate gland: Contributes secretions to semen.
- Bulbourethral glands: Contributes secretions to semen.
- Urethra: Conducts sperm.
- Penis: Organ of copulation.
Sensory Systems
- Hearing: Hair cells vibrate, transmitting auditory information to the temporal lobe.
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Vision:
- Rods: Process black and white light.
- Cones: Process color light.
- Rods and cones work together to process visual information transmitted to the occipital lobe.
Excretory System
- Kidneys: Produce urine, regulating blood volume and composition.
- Ureter: Transports urine from kidneys to the bladder.
- Bladder: Stores urine until excretion via the urethra.
- Urethra: Conducts urine.
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
- Heart: Pumps blood.
- Lungs: Gas exchange.
Anatomical Directional Terms
- Dorsal: Near the back.
- Ventral: Near the underside.
- Anterior: Near the front (toward the head).
- Posterior: Near the back (toward the rear).
Nervous System
- Neurons: Transmit messages.
- Neuroglial Cells: Support and nourish neurons.
Connective Tissues
- Bone
- Cartilage
-
Blood
- Connect different body parts.
- Consist of cells surrounded by a fibrous matrix.
Muscle Tissues
- Skeletal: Striated, voluntary.
- Cardiac: Branching, striated, involuntary.
- Smooth: Spindle-shaped, involuntary.
Epithelial Tissues
- Protective barrier
- Secretory functions
- Absorbs nutrients.
- Various forms (e.g., simple squamous, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, simple cuboidal, simple columnar).
Photosynthesis
- Light: White light (all wavelengths) is best for photosynthesis.
- Pigments: Chlorophylls absorb primarily violet-blue and orange-red light, reflecting green light. Carotenoids absorb mostly blue-green light, reflecting yellow-red light.
- Process:
- Solar energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments during the light reactions.
- Energy used during the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into carbohydrates.
- Overall process: Plants use solar energy to synthesize food from water and carbon dioxide. Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
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Fermentation: Anaerobic process, produces ATP.
- Example: Glucose broken down to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
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Cellular Respiration: Aerobic process. Breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP.
- Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
- Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Metabolic Reactions
- Catabolic: Breakdown of molecules.
- Anabolic: Building of molecules.
-
Enzymes: Organic catalysts, speed up metabolic reactions.
- Active site: Enzyme substrate binding site.
- Enzymes are specific due to their shape fitting the substrate.
- Reaction types
Chemical Testing
- Protein Test: Biuret reagent; positive (purple), negative (light blue).
- Starch Test: Iodine; positive (blue-black), negative (yellowish-brown).
- Sugar Test: Benedict's reagent; positive (colors range from green to red depending on sugar concentration), negative (blue).
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
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Carbohydrates: Sugars and chains of sugars.
- Glucose: Monosaccharide
- Maltose:Disaccharide
- Lipids: Insoluble in water; include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids, form polypeptide chains.
pH
- pH scale indicates the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]).
- Acidic: 0-6
- Neutral: 7
- Basic: 8-14
Solutions
- Isotonic: Solute concentration identical to the cell, no net movement.
- Hypertonic: Solute concentration higher than the cell, water moves out.
- Hypotonic: Solute concentration lower than the cell, water moves in.
- Osmosis/diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration, no energy required.
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea; lack membrane-bound organelles, have a localized nucleoid region.
- Eukaryotic: All other cells; have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the reproductive and sensory systems. This quiz covers the key organs involved in human reproduction as well as the mechanisms of hearing and vision. Prepare to explore both male and female reproductive anatomy and the functions of sensory organs.
