Reproduction in Living Organisms

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of reproduction in living organisms?

To adapt to environmental changes

To enhance physical characteristics

To produce energy for survival

To produce new living organisms (correct)

Which method is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission

Fragmentation

Budding

Pollination (correct)

Which of the following best describes binary fission?

Combination of sperm and egg cells

Division of an organism into multiple fragments

Formation of a new organism from a bud

Division of the nucleus followed by the cell dividing into two (correct)

What type of organism possesses both male and female reproductive systems?

Hermaphrodites (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are sperm and egg cells classified as?

Gametes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during fertilization?

The sperm fuses with the egg cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of reproduction?

Increased competition (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sexual reproduction is true?

Both parents contribute genetic material (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between external and internal fertilisation?

External fertilisation involves egg and sperm contact in the environment, while internal fertilisation occurs within the female. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the zygote formed during fertilisation?

The sperm penetrates the egg, and their nuclei fuse together. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

It supplies the embryo with nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms undergoes metamorphosis?

Frogs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines viviparous animals?

They give birth to live young after internal fertilisation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the male reproductive system?

Testes, sperm ducts, and penis. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of amniotic fluid in embryo development?

It acts as a protective cushion around the embryo. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of human development does the embryo resemble a human being?

Foetal stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if a mother does not receive adequate nourishment during pregnancy?

The baby's development may face severe health issues. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes oviparous animals?

Animals that lay eggs which then develop externally. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new organisms like themselves.
Tigers, hens, mango trees, bacteria, Paramecium, and Amoeba all reproduce.
Reproduction ensures the continuation of species.

Modes of Reproduction

Two main types: asexual and sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction

Involves only one parent.
Binary Fission: A single-celled organism divides into two, with the genetic material dividing first.
Budding: New organisms grow as buds on the parent, then detach. (e.g., Hydra, sponges, sea anemones)
Fragmentation: An organism's body breaks into pieces, with each piece developing into a new organism. (e.g., Planaria, some flatworms)

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents.
Most plants and animals reproduce sexually.
Many animals have separate male and female individuals.
Some animals (e.g., earthworms, garden snails) are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive systems.

Gametes

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction:
Sperm (male gamete)
Egg (female gamete)
Their function is to produce a new organism

Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg nuclei.
External Fertilization: Occurs outside the body (e.g., frogs, many fish). The female releases eggs, male releases sperm, fertilization occurs in water.
Internal Fertilization: Occurs inside the female reproductive system. (e.g., land animals, birds, mammals). Critical for animals that live in dry environments.

Oviparous Animals

Lay eggs.
Examples include insects (butterflies, moths, mosquitoes, grasshoppers), many reptiles, and all birds.
Develops inside the egg.
Young one hatches from egg
Some undergo metamorphosis (e.g., caterpillar to pupa to butterfly)

Viviparous Animals

Give birth to live young.
Examples include all mammals (except platypuses and echidnas).
Fertilization is internal, and the new individual develops inside the female's body.

Human Reproduction

Separate male and female systems.

Male Reproductive System

Testes: Produce sperm
Sperm ducts
Penis

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries: Produce ova (eggs)
Fallopian tubes
Uterus

Fertilization and Embryo Development

Sperm penetrates egg and nuclei fuse.
Fertilized egg (zygote)
Zygote moves to the uterus.
Implantation in uterine wall (forming placenta)
Developing zygote becomes embryo.
Embryo enclosed in amnion (filled with amniotic fluid).
Embryo matures into fetus.

Fetus Nourishment

Umbilical cord connects fetus to placenta
Placenta is attached to the uterine wall, provides nutrients & oxygen to fetus and removes waste.

Post-Birth

Newborn infant depends on mother's milk.
Proper nutrition crucial for both mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Malnutrition during pregnancy or breastfeeding can lead to health problems.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of reproduction in living organisms, focusing on the two main types: asexual and sexual reproduction. Students will learn about different modes of asexual reproduction such as binary fission, budding, and fragmentation. Understanding these processes is crucial for grasping the continuity of species.