Reproduction and Sexual Response Cycle
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Questions and Answers

What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?

  • Resolution
  • Plateau
  • Excitement (correct)
  • Orgasm
  • What is the role of prostaglandins in male ejaculate?

  • Increase sperm motility
  • Reduce cervical mucus viscosity
  • Induce contraction of the penis
  • Break down seminogelin (correct)
  • Which step is considered the last part of sperm maturation before fertilization?

  • Insemination
  • Sperm reservoir
  • Hyperactivation
  • Capacitation (correct)
  • During fertilization, what does the acrosome reaction involve?

    <p>Digestion of the zona pellucida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to maternal mitochondria after the fusion of sperm and egg?

    <p>They are destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these occurs immediately after oocyte activation to prevent polyspermy?

    <p>Cortical reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the sperm's PLCz serve following fertilization?

    <p>Releases calcium from the ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological response during the male orgasm phase?

    <p>Emission and expulsion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key feature of the female sexual response cycle?

    <p>Strong muscle contractions aiding sperm migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimulation is required for the erection reflex in males?

    <p>Reflexogenic or psychogenic stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of semen is responsible for preventing sperm from wasting energy?

    <p>Motility inhibitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary barrier to sperm entry into the egg before fertilization?

    <p>Zona pellucida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes occur in males during the resolution phase?

    <p>Return of reproductive tissues to resting state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microvilli on the oocyte serve during fertilization?

    <p>Act as docking sites for sperm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change in the uterus assists with the attachment of the blastocyst?

    <p>General stromal edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst?

    <p>Formation of the epiblast and hypoblast layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the inner cell mass is responsible for developing the extraembryonic endoderm?

    <p>Hypoblast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can arise from excessive pressure on the fertilized ovum's passage to the uterus?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does estrogen affect pregnancy according to its function?

    <p>Promotes uterine contraction and parturition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Material exchange between mother and embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of gastrulation in embryonic development?

    <p>Development of the three primary germ layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast to shift fuel towards the fetus?

    <p>Placental lactogen (PL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cervical effacement during labor?

    <p>To prepare the cervix for dilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a baby weighing less than 2,500 g at birth?

    <p>Physiologically immature baby (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue layer gives rise to the nervous system?

    <p>Ectoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pregnancy complication involves the placenta covering the internal os of the cervix?

    <p>Placenta previa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Apposition (implantation)

    The process where the uterine walls come close together, aiding the blastocyst in finding an attachment point.

    Attachment (implantation)

    The critical blastocyst stage where its inner cell mass aligns with the uterine lining, essential for proper development.

    Penetration (implantation)

    The blastocyst's process of burrowing into the uterine stroma (tissue) to access nutrients.

    Hypoblast

    Inner cell mass layer close to the blastocoel, developing into extraembryonic endoderm.

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    Epiblast

    Inner cell mass layer further from the blastocoel, forming the embryo proper.

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    Blastodisc

    Combined hypoblast and epiblast layers, giving rise to yolk sac, amnion, and chorion.

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    Gastrulation

    Process forming the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm).

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    Ectoderm

    Germ layer forming nervous tissue, epidermis, sense organs, teeth enamel, and parts of mouth/anus.

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    Endoderm

    Germ layer lining respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, plus parts of liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and glands.

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    Mesoderm

    Germ layer with diverse functions, including bone, muscle, connective tissues, and components of the circulatory system.

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    Placenta

    Chimeric organ for material exchange between mother and fetus; crucial for pregnancy.

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    Ectopic Pregnancy

    Fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.

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    Placenta Previa

    Placenta implants low in uterus, covering cervix.

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    Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

    Hormone detected in pregnancy tests, produced by the chorion.

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    What is the difference between reflexogenic and psychogenic arousal?

    Reflexogenic arousal is triggered by physical stimulation (e.g., touching), while psychogenic arousal is driven by mental cues like thoughts or fantasies.

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    What stages does the male sexual response cycle consist of?

    1. Excitement: erection occurs, 2. Plateau: further arousal, 3. Orgasm: climax, 4. Resolution: return to resting state, refractory period.
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    What's the role of seminogelin in ejaculate?

    It's a coagulant that helps hold sperm against the vaginal wall after ejaculation.

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    What is capacitation?

    The final step of sperm maturation before fertilization, allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg.

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    What's the main function of the zona pellucida?

    A protective layer surrounding the egg, ensuring only one sperm enters.

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    What is the acrosome reaction?

    Process where sperm releases enzymes to break through the zona pellucida.

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    What happens during syngamy?

    The union of the male and female pronuclei, forming a single diploid nucleus in the fertilized egg.

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    What is the cortical reaction?

    Changes in the egg's surface after fertilization, preventing polyspermy (multiple sperm entry).

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    What forms the blastodisc?

    The combined layers of the hypoblast and epiblast, which will give rise to key structures like the yolk sac, amnion, and chorion.

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    What is the main consequence of gastrulation?

    It forms the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), which will later give rise to different tissues and organs.

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    What's the main function of the placenta?

    A specialized organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products.

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    What is ectopic pregnancy?

    When the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

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    What happens in a placenta previa?

    The placenta implants low in the uterus, covering or blocking the cervix.

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    What is hCG and why is it important?

    Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a hormone produced during pregnancy, detectable in urine tests.

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    Study Notes

    Reproduction, Fetal Development, and Heredity

    • This chapter covers reproduction, fetal development, and heredity.
    • Objectives include understanding fertilization, placental hormone regulation of pregnancy, connecting the menstrual cycle to pregnancy, identifying embryonic tissue origins, analyzing semen components and reproductive success, and explaining phenotype-genotype relationships.

    The Sexual Response Cycle

    • The sexual response cycle involves four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
    • Psychogenic or reflexogenic stimulation can activate all senses.
    • The male sexual response cycle originates in the sacral spinal cord. Excitement includes a full erection, color change, pre-orgasmic emissions, and prostate enlargement. Plateau includes scrotum thickening and further testes elevation.
    • Orgasm involves ejaculation and contractions of seminal vesicles, prostate, anal sphincter, and internal urethral sphincter. Resolution is the loss of voluntary muscle control and the refractory period.
    • The female sexual response cycle includes vaginal lubrication, uterine fibrillations, and reproductive tissue returning to a resting state. Excitement includes uterus elevation, clitoral and labbia swelling, and vaginal lubrication. Plateau involves uterine elevation, vaginal widening, and rhythmic contractions. Orgasm is characterized by rhythmic uterine contraction and full vaginal dilation. Finally resolution returns reproductive tissue to a resting state.

    The Components of Ejaculate

    • Semen is a complex liquid containing various components with specific functions.
      • Seminogelin: a coagulant that holds sperm in place after ejaculation.
      • Motility inhibitor: Prevents sperm from unnecessary movement within the coagulant.
      • Prostaglandins: induce uterine contractions to facilitate sperm travel within the female reproductive tract.
      • hCAP-18 and Factor III: have antimicrobial and coagulation properties aiding in female reproductive tract healing.
      • PSAP: potent anti-nociceptive agent, minimizing discomfort for the female reproductive organs.

    Pre-Embryonic Period

    • This period details fertilization steps.

      • Fertilization: the fusion of a sperm and ovum to initiate the development of a zygote.
      • Sperm capacitation: a vital step involving sperm maturation.
      • Steps to fertilization: insemination, initial capacitation, sperm reservoir, hyperactivation, sperm penetration of the cumulus mass, and zona penetration.
      • Fertilization fusion of sperm and oocyte: involves sperm contact with zona pellucida (ZP), acrosome reaction, zona pellucida digestion, penetration into the perivitelline space, and trigger release of Calcium from the oocyte to activate it.
    • Pre-embryonic events after oocyte activation:

      • Cortical reaction, cortical granules to form a barrier to prevent further sperm penetration, which ensures against polyploidy.
    • The events involve meiosis II, packaging of pronuclei, destruction of maternal RNA, and maternal mitochondria activation.

    Early Embryogenesis

    • This section looks at the four stages leading up to the blastocyst stage of development. The stages include:
      • Initial cleavage: a rapid series of cell divisions.
      • Morula stage: solid ball of cells.
      • Compaction and polarization: cells are packed tightly and arranged.
      • Blastulation: hollow ball of cells called blastocyst.

    Uterine Receptivity and Implantation

    • The three steps include:
      • Apposition: general stromal edema brings uterine walls into close proximity and helps the blastocyst find the attachment point.
      • Attachment: blastocyst's inner cell mass is next to uterine lining, development of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and polarity.
      • Penetration: blastocyst burrows into endometrial stroma for access to nutrients, and a barrier between blastocyst and maternal tissues is generated.

    Embryogenesis and the Origin of Tissues

    • Extraembryonic tissues arise from the early embryo.
    • The hypoblast and epiblast give rise to yolk sac, amnion, and chorion.
    • Gastrulation forms the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), from which various tissues develop.

    The Fate of Mesoderm, Ectoderm, and Endoderm

    • Mesoderm differentiates into different tissues, including kidneys, gonads, and various components of the skeletal, muscular, and circulatory systems.
    • Ectoderm forms nervous tissue and various components of skin and sense organs.
    • Endoderm lines the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Specific endoderm cells differentiate into liver, pancreas, thyroid, and thymus tissue.

    The Placenta

    • The placenta is a chimeric organ with maternal and fetal tissues.
    • The structure includes uterine and embryonic tissue, having several lobes called cotyledons supplied by umbilical vessels.
    • The placenta serves as the organ of material exchange between mother and fetus and for hormone production for pregnancy.

    Pregnancy

    • This section discusses complications during pregnancy, growth of the uterus, development of mammary glands, pregnancy hormones, and parturition.
      • Complications include ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, preeclampsia, dystocia, and delivery of a premature baby.

    The Hormonal Regulation of Pregnancy

    • Several hormones (hCG, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, prolactin, relaxin, cortisol, and CRH) are crucial during pregnancy.

    Parturition

    • Parturition (childbirth) is divided into three stages:
      • Cervical effacement and dilation
      • Fetal expulsion
      • Placental stage

    Sexually Transmitted Diseases

    • Diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.
    • Key examples include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, herpes simplex, and AIDS.

    Contraceptive Methods

    • Methods including sterilization, condoms, withdrawal, IUDs, pills, patches, rings, diaphragm, and spermicide.
    • Contraceptive methods are used to prevent unplanned pregnancies.

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    Description

    This quiz covers two essential topics: reproduction, fetal development, and heredity, along with the sexual response cycle. Understand the processes of fertilization, hormonal regulation during pregnancy, and the stages of the sexual response including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Dive into the relationship between genotype and phenotype through this comprehensive assessment.

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