Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?
What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?
What is the role of prostaglandins in male ejaculate?
What is the role of prostaglandins in male ejaculate?
Which step is considered the last part of sperm maturation before fertilization?
Which step is considered the last part of sperm maturation before fertilization?
During fertilization, what does the acrosome reaction involve?
During fertilization, what does the acrosome reaction involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to maternal mitochondria after the fusion of sperm and egg?
What happens to maternal mitochondria after the fusion of sperm and egg?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these occurs immediately after oocyte activation to prevent polyspermy?
Which of these occurs immediately after oocyte activation to prevent polyspermy?
Signup and view all the answers
What function does the sperm's PLCz serve following fertilization?
What function does the sperm's PLCz serve following fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary physiological response during the male orgasm phase?
What is the primary physiological response during the male orgasm phase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a key feature of the female sexual response cycle?
Which of the following describes a key feature of the female sexual response cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of stimulation is required for the erection reflex in males?
What type of stimulation is required for the erection reflex in males?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of semen is responsible for preventing sperm from wasting energy?
Which component of semen is responsible for preventing sperm from wasting energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary barrier to sperm entry into the egg before fertilization?
What is the primary barrier to sperm entry into the egg before fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological changes occur in males during the resolution phase?
What physiological changes occur in males during the resolution phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do microvilli on the oocyte serve during fertilization?
What role do microvilli on the oocyte serve during fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What structural change in the uterus assists with the attachment of the blastocyst?
What structural change in the uterus assists with the attachment of the blastocyst?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst?
What is the role of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst?
Signup and view all the answers
Which layer of the inner cell mass is responsible for developing the extraembryonic endoderm?
Which layer of the inner cell mass is responsible for developing the extraembryonic endoderm?
Signup and view all the answers
What consequence can arise from excessive pressure on the fertilized ovum's passage to the uterus?
What consequence can arise from excessive pressure on the fertilized ovum's passage to the uterus?
Signup and view all the answers
How does estrogen affect pregnancy according to its function?
How does estrogen affect pregnancy according to its function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during the process of gastrulation in embryonic development?
What happens during the process of gastrulation in embryonic development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast to shift fuel towards the fetus?
Which hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast to shift fuel towards the fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of cervical effacement during labor?
What is the purpose of cervical effacement during labor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a baby weighing less than 2,500 g at birth?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a baby weighing less than 2,500 g at birth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tissue layer gives rise to the nervous system?
Which tissue layer gives rise to the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of pregnancy complication involves the placenta covering the internal os of the cervix?
What type of pregnancy complication involves the placenta covering the internal os of the cervix?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Reproduction, Fetal Development, and Heredity
- This chapter covers reproduction, fetal development, and heredity.
- Objectives include understanding fertilization, placental hormone regulation of pregnancy, connecting the menstrual cycle to pregnancy, identifying embryonic tissue origins, analyzing semen components and reproductive success, and explaining phenotype-genotype relationships.
The Sexual Response Cycle
- The sexual response cycle involves four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
- Psychogenic or reflexogenic stimulation can activate all senses.
- The male sexual response cycle originates in the sacral spinal cord. Excitement includes a full erection, color change, pre-orgasmic emissions, and prostate enlargement. Plateau includes scrotum thickening and further testes elevation.
- Orgasm involves ejaculation and contractions of seminal vesicles, prostate, anal sphincter, and internal urethral sphincter. Resolution is the loss of voluntary muscle control and the refractory period.
- The female sexual response cycle includes vaginal lubrication, uterine fibrillations, and reproductive tissue returning to a resting state. Excitement includes uterus elevation, clitoral and labbia swelling, and vaginal lubrication. Plateau involves uterine elevation, vaginal widening, and rhythmic contractions. Orgasm is characterized by rhythmic uterine contraction and full vaginal dilation. Finally resolution returns reproductive tissue to a resting state.
The Components of Ejaculate
- Semen is a complex liquid containing various components with specific functions.
- Seminogelin: a coagulant that holds sperm in place after ejaculation.
- Motility inhibitor: Prevents sperm from unnecessary movement within the coagulant.
- Prostaglandins: induce uterine contractions to facilitate sperm travel within the female reproductive tract.
- hCAP-18 and Factor III: have antimicrobial and coagulation properties aiding in female reproductive tract healing.
- PSAP: potent anti-nociceptive agent, minimizing discomfort for the female reproductive organs.
Pre-Embryonic Period
-
This period details fertilization steps.
- Fertilization: the fusion of a sperm and ovum to initiate the development of a zygote.
- Sperm capacitation: a vital step involving sperm maturation.
- Steps to fertilization: insemination, initial capacitation, sperm reservoir, hyperactivation, sperm penetration of the cumulus mass, and zona penetration.
- Fertilization fusion of sperm and oocyte: involves sperm contact with zona pellucida (ZP), acrosome reaction, zona pellucida digestion, penetration into the perivitelline space, and trigger release of Calcium from the oocyte to activate it.
-
Pre-embryonic events after oocyte activation:
- Cortical reaction, cortical granules to form a barrier to prevent further sperm penetration, which ensures against polyploidy.
-
The events involve meiosis II, packaging of pronuclei, destruction of maternal RNA, and maternal mitochondria activation.
Early Embryogenesis
- This section looks at the four stages leading up to the blastocyst stage of development. The stages include:
- Initial cleavage: a rapid series of cell divisions.
- Morula stage: solid ball of cells.
- Compaction and polarization: cells are packed tightly and arranged.
- Blastulation: hollow ball of cells called blastocyst.
Uterine Receptivity and Implantation
- The three steps include:
- Apposition: general stromal edema brings uterine walls into close proximity and helps the blastocyst find the attachment point.
- Attachment: blastocyst's inner cell mass is next to uterine lining, development of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and polarity.
- Penetration: blastocyst burrows into endometrial stroma for access to nutrients, and a barrier between blastocyst and maternal tissues is generated.
Embryogenesis and the Origin of Tissues
- Extraembryonic tissues arise from the early embryo.
- The hypoblast and epiblast give rise to yolk sac, amnion, and chorion.
- Gastrulation forms the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), from which various tissues develop.
The Fate of Mesoderm, Ectoderm, and Endoderm
- Mesoderm differentiates into different tissues, including kidneys, gonads, and various components of the skeletal, muscular, and circulatory systems.
- Ectoderm forms nervous tissue and various components of skin and sense organs.
- Endoderm lines the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Specific endoderm cells differentiate into liver, pancreas, thyroid, and thymus tissue.
The Placenta
- The placenta is a chimeric organ with maternal and fetal tissues.
- The structure includes uterine and embryonic tissue, having several lobes called cotyledons supplied by umbilical vessels.
- The placenta serves as the organ of material exchange between mother and fetus and for hormone production for pregnancy.
Pregnancy
- This section discusses complications during pregnancy, growth of the uterus, development of mammary glands, pregnancy hormones, and parturition.
- Complications include ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, preeclampsia, dystocia, and delivery of a premature baby.
The Hormonal Regulation of Pregnancy
- Several hormones (hCG, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, prolactin, relaxin, cortisol, and CRH) are crucial during pregnancy.
Parturition
- Parturition (childbirth) is divided into three stages:
- Cervical effacement and dilation
- Fetal expulsion
- Placental stage
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.
- Key examples include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, herpes simplex, and AIDS.
Contraceptive Methods
- Methods including sterilization, condoms, withdrawal, IUDs, pills, patches, rings, diaphragm, and spermicide.
- Contraceptive methods are used to prevent unplanned pregnancies.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers two essential topics: reproduction, fetal development, and heredity, along with the sexual response cycle. Understand the processes of fertilization, hormonal regulation during pregnancy, and the stages of the sexual response including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Dive into the relationship between genotype and phenotype through this comprehensive assessment.
