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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of reported speech?
Which of the following conditional sentences is used for universal truths or scientific facts?
What is the correct form of the if-clause in the Third Conditional?
What is the purpose of using backshift in reported speech?
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What is the main difference between direct speech and indirect speech?
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Which of the following sentences is an example of real if clause?
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What is the correct form of the sentence 'If I had not missed the bus, I would be on time now' in direct speech?
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Which of the following sentences is an example of indirect speech?
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What is the correct form of the sentence 'I would have studied harder if I had known the exam was important' in indirect speech?
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Which of the following sentences is an example of past if clause?
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Study Notes
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
- Refers to reporting what someone has said without using their exact words
- Can be used to report statements, questions, or commands
- Typically uses the following structures:
- Verb tenses: backshift (e.g., present → past, past perfect → past perfect)
- Pronouns: change to match the person reporting (e.g., I → he/she)
- Adverbs: change to match the time of reporting (e.g., yesterday → the day before)
- Examples:
- Direct Speech: "I'm going to the store."
- Indirect Speech: "She said she was going to the store."
Conditional Tenses
- Used to express hypothetical or uncertain situations and their consequences
- Types of conditional sentences:
- Zero Conditional: used for universal truths or scientific facts
- Form: if + present simple, ... + present simple
- Example: "If you heat ice, it melts."
- First Conditional: used for future possibilities
- Form: if + present simple, ... + future simple
- Example: "If it rains, I will take an umbrella."
- Second Conditional: used for hypothetical or unlikely situations
- Form: if + past simple, ... + would + infinitive
- Example: "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house."
- Third Conditional: used for past hypothetical situations
- Form: if + past perfect, ... + would have + past participle
- Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
- Mixed Conditional: used for a mix of hypothetical and factual situations
- Form: if + past simple, ... + would have + past participle
- Example: "If I had won the lottery, I would be rich now."
- Zero Conditional: used for universal truths or scientific facts
If Clauses
- Used to introduce a condition or hypothesis
- Types of if clauses:
- Real if clauses: used for real or possible situations
- Example: "If it rains, I will take an umbrella."
- Unreal if clauses: used for hypothetical or unlikely situations
- Example: "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house."
- Past if clauses: used for past hypothetical situations
- Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
- Real if clauses: used for real or possible situations
- If clauses can be used in combination with other conditional sentences
Direct Speech
- Refers to quoting someone's exact words
- Typically uses quotation marks and the exact words spoken
- Examples:
- "I'm going to the store," she said.
- He said, "I'll meet you at 5 o'clock."
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
- Reports what someone has said without using their exact words
- Can be used for statements, questions, or commands
- Uses verb tenses, pronouns, and adverbs that match the person reporting and the time of reporting
- Examples:
- "I'm going to the store." → "She said she was going to the store."
Conditional Tenses
- Used for hypothetical or uncertain situations and their consequences
- Types of conditional sentences:
Zero Conditional
- Used for universal truths or scientific facts
- Form: if + present simple,...+ present simple
- Example: "If you heat ice, it melts."
First Conditional
- Used for future possibilities
- Form: if + present simple,...+ future simple
- Example: "If it rains, I will take an umbrella."
Second Conditional
- Used for hypothetical or unlikely situations
- Form: if + past simple,...+ would + infinitive
- Example: "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house."
Third Conditional
- Used for past hypothetical situations
- Form: if + past perfect,...+ would have + past participle
- Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
Mixed Conditional
- Used for a mix of hypothetical and factual situations
- Form: if + past simple,...+ would have + past participle
- Example: "If I had won the lottery, I would be rich now."
If Clauses
- Introduce a condition or hypothesis
- Types of if clauses:
Real If Clauses
- Used for real or possible situations
- Example: "If it rains, I will take an umbrella."
Unreal If Clauses
- Used for hypothetical or unlikely situations
- Example: "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house."
Past If Clauses
- Used for past hypothetical situations
- Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
Direct Speech
- Quotes someone's exact words
- Uses quotation marks and the exact words spoken
- Examples:
- "I'm going to the store," she said.
- He said, "I'll meet you at 5 o'clock."
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Description
Test your knowledge of reported speech, including verb tenses, pronouns, and adverbs. Learn how to report statements, questions, and commands using indirect speech.
