Replication in Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes direct replication from conceptual replication?

  • There is no significant difference between direct replication and conceptual replication.
  • Direct replication aims to reproduce the original experiment closely, whereas conceptual replication explores the same question with different procedures. (correct)
  • Direct replication uses different procedures, while conceptual replication uses the same procedures.
  • Direct replication tests new variables, and conceptual replication repeats the original study.

Which of the following statements about replications is accurate?

  • Replications always produce identical results to the original study.
  • Conceptual replications introduce new variables while keeping procedures the same.
  • Direct replications cannot replicate every detail of the original study. (correct)
  • Replication studies never face issues with sample differences.

What is a primary strength of conducting a meta-analysis?

  • Meta-analyses can eliminate the need for original research.
  • They guarantee the findings of all studies included are peer-reviewed.
  • They can mathematically average results from various studies to provide a clearer understanding of evidence. (correct)
  • They only include published studies to avoid biases introduced by unpublished data.

What is the file drawer problem in the context of meta-analysis?

<p>It indicates that only successful studies are published, leading to biased conclusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might a replication study fail to yield the same results as the original study?

<p>Differences in sample, materials, or geographic location can impact the outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of conducting a meta-analysis?

<p>It can overestimate the true size of an effect if negative results are not included. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'replication-plus-extension' refer to?

<p>Replicating an original experiment with modifications to the variables tested. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a literature review in research?

<p>To collect and evaluate all studies on a topic collectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Direct Replication

Researchers repeat an original study as closely as possible to see if the same effect occurs in newly collected data.

Conceptual Replication

Researchers explore the same research question but with different procedures. The core concept remains the same, but the methods change.

Replication Plus Extension

When replicating a study, researchers add variables to test new questions beyond the original study.

Scientific Literature

The collection of related research studies on a topic, conducted by various researchers.

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Literature Review

A process where researchers gather and analyze findings from multiple studies on the same topic.

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Meta-Analysis

A statistical method that combines results from multiple studies to calculate an overall effect size for a particular variable.

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File Drawer Problem

The tendency for meta-analyses to overestimate the true effect size because studies with insignificant or opposite findings are less likely to be published.

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Meta-Analysis Limitations

The strength of a meta-analysis depends entirely on the quality and completeness of the data included.

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Study Notes

Replication in Research

  • Direct replication: Researchers repeat an original study as closely as possible to see if the effect is the same using newly collected data.
  • A direct replication may not replicate the initial study because of differences in every detail of the experiment.
  • Researchers may try to reproduce the original experiment as closely as possible.
  • Conceptual replication: Researchers explore the same research question using different procedures.
  • The conceptual variables in a study are the same, but the procedures for operationalizing the variables are different.
  • Replication plus extension: Researchers replicate a study and then add variables to test additional research questions.

Why a Study May Not Be Replicable

  • Issues with the study design itself
  • Differences in sample, materials, or geography in direct replications.

Meta-Analysis

  • Meta-analysis is a way to look at the literature on a given topic.
  • It combines and analyzes the results of multiple similar studies, which is often done mathematically.
  • Using both published and unpublished data to test similar variables.
  • The analysis mathematically averages the results across the combined studies to identify the weight of evidence for the topic.
  • The meta-analysis conclusions combine findings from a range of individual studies.

Strengths of Meta-Analysis

  • Meta-analyses usually include data from published empirical studies.
  • This means that data have likely been peer-reviewed and assessed, making the studies more reliable.

Weaknesses of Meta-Analysis

  • File drawer problem: The idea that meta-analyses might overestimate the true size of an effect because effects that don't support the main hypothesis may not be included in the data collection process.

  • Meta-analysis is only as good as the data collected.

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