Repair and Regeneration in the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a barrier that impedes central nervous system regeneration?

  • Reactivation of developmental processes for axon growth (correct)
  • Local overgrowth of glial cells
  • Signals produced by glial cells that inhibit neuron growth
  • Failure of repair over limited distances

    • After stroke or injury to distinct brain regions, patients often recover some of the deficits seen immediately after the trauma. This recovery is most often the result of:

  • Reorganization of intact circuits (correct)
  • Restoration of damaged central nerve cells
  • Genesis of new neurons
  • Regrowth or replacement of damaged neurons

    • Which type of neuronal repair is the most clinically successful in the nervous system?

  • Regrowth of axons
  • Genesis of new neurons
  • Restoration of damaged central nerve cells
  • Peripheral nerve regeneration (correct)

    • Which of the following is a key difference between peripheral nerve regeneration and regeneration in the central nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral nerve regeneration is more successful in restoring sensory and motor function, while regeneration in the central nervous system has a relatively poor prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve regeneration?

    <p>Schwann cells secrete growth-promoting signaling molecules that facilitate axon regrowth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there limited regeneration in the central nervous system following injury?

    <p>Microglial activity actively inhibits axon growth after brain injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of neuronal repair mentioned in the text?

    <p>Functional reorganization without repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, new nerve cells in the CNS are reliably generated in which two regions?

    <p>The olfactory bulb and the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a barrier to neuronal regrowth in the adult brain?

    <p>Enhanced immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were cortical neurons generated over an individual's lifetime affected by fluctuations in environmental exposure to radioisotopes from nuclear weapons testing?

    <p>Mid 1950s to early 1960s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a region in the central nervous system where new nerve cells are reliably generated in humans?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the limited capacity of the adult brain to replace neurons?

    <p>Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrates have the capacity for neurogenesis in response to brain injury?

    <p>Songbirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of GABAergic interneurons in the CNS?

    <p>Inhibitory signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were cortical neurons generated over an individual's lifetime affected by fluctuations in environmental exposure to radioisotopes from nuclear weapons testing?

    <p>1960s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a barrier to neuronal regrowth in the adult brain?

    <p>Enhanced immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there limited regeneration in the central nervous system following injury?

    <p>Inhibition by glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrates have the capacity for neurogenesis in response to brain injury?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, new nerve cells in the CNS are reliably generated in which two regions?

    <p>Olfactory bulb and hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of GABAergic interneurons in the CNS?

    <p>Inhibition of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System Regeneration

    • Barriers to Regeneration:
      • Glial Scar Formation: Glial cells form a scar that physically blocks axonal growth.
      • Absence of Nerve Growth Factors: The CNS lacks the necessary growth factors to support axonal regeneration
      • Inhibitory Molecules: CNS environment contains molecules that actively inhibit axonal growth.
    • Recovery after Stroke/Injury:
      • Often results from reorganization of existing neural circuits rather than regeneration of new neurons.
    • Types of Neuronal Repair:
      • Axonal Regeneration: The regrowth of axons after injury. This is the most successful type of repair in the peripheral nervous system.
    • Peripheral vs. Central Nerve Regeneration:
      • Central Nerve Regeneration: Limited due to the factors mentioned above.
      • Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: More successful due to the presence of Schwann cells.
    • Role of Schwann Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration:
      • Form a myelin sheath: Supports axonal regeneration and guides the growing axon.
      • Secrete growth factors: Stimulates axonal growth.
    • Limited Regeneration in the CNS:
      • The factors mentioned above: glial scars, absence of growth factors & inhibitory molecules.
    • Types of Neuronal Repair:
      • Axonal regeneration: The regrowth of axons
      • Synaptic plasticity: Changes in the strength of existing synapses.
      • Neurogenesis: The generation of new neurons.
    • Neurogenesis in Humans:
      • New Neurons: Reliably generated in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb.
    • Barriers to Neuronal Regrowth:
      • Glial Scars: Physical barrier to axonal growth.
    • Environmental Exposure and Neuronal Generation:
      • Radioisotopes from Nuclear Weapons Testing: Cortical neurons generated during this period are affected by the exposure.
    • Regions of Neurogenesis in Humans:
      • Hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and subventricular zone.
    • Limits to Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain:
      • Limited capacity for neurogenesis: The brain has a limited ability to generate new neurons.
    • Neurogenesis in Response to Brain Injury:
      • Vertebrates with Capacity for Neurogenesis: Some vertebrates, such as zebrafish, exhibit significant neurogenesis in response to brain injury.
    • Role of GABAergic Interneurons:
      • Control neuronal activity: Play a crucial role in regulating the excitability of neurons in the CNS.
    • Environmental Exposure and Neuronal Generation:
      • Radioisotopes from Nuclear Weapons Testing: Cortical neurons generated during this period are affected by the exposure.
    • Barriers to Neuronal Regrowth:
      • Glial Scars: Physical barrier to axonal growth.
    • Limited Regeneration in the CNS:
      • The factors mentioned above: glial scars, absence of growth factors & inhibitory molecules.
    • Vertebrates with Capacity for Neurogenesis:
      • Some vertebrates, such as zebrafish, exhibit significant neurogenesis in response to brain injury.
    • Neurogenesis in Humans:
      • New Neurons: Reliably generated in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb.
    • Role of GABAergic Interneurons:
      • Control neuronal activity: Play a crucial role in regulating the excitability of neurons in the CNS.

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    Lecture 18 - Repair and Regeneration of the Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on repair and regeneration in the nervous system with this quiz. Learn about functional reorganization, the types of neuronal repair, barriers to CNS regeneration, and more. Find out if neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of the topic.

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