Genitourinary Micro Short Answer BMS 250

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers from S2 and S3 spinal cord segments traverse pelvic splanchnic nerves, which also join the inferior hypogastric/pelvic ______.

The musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice of the female bladder is not organized into an internal ______.

The female external urethral orifice is located in the vestibule of the vagina, the cleft between the labia minora of the external genitalia, directly anterior to the ______ orifice.

The urethra passes with the vagina through the pelvic diaphragm, external urethral ______, and perineal membrane.

The nerves to the urethra arise from the vesical (nerve) plexus and the pudendal ______.

Visceral afferents from most of the urethra run in the pelvic ______ nerves

Both the visceral and somatic afferent fibers extend from cell bodies in the S2– S4 spinal ______

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers from the T11–L2 or L3 spinal cord levels involved in innervation of the bladder, prostate, and proximal urethra pass via lumbar ______ nerves

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the bladder arise from neurons in the S2–S4 spinal cord segments and pass from the anterior rami of spinal nerves S2–S4 via the pelvic splanchnic nerves and the inferior hypogastric and vesical (pelvic) ______ to the bladder

The somatic nerves shown here are distributed to the ______

The superior surface of the bladder is covered with peritoneum and therefore is superior to the pelvic pain line. Consequently, pain fibers from the superior bladder follow the sympathetic fibers retrogradely to the inferior thoracic and upper lumbar spinal ______ (T11–L2 or L3).

Major autonomic and somatic nerves that supply the bladder. In males and females, both internal and external urethral sphincters function to prevent the release of urine. The internal urethral sphincter controls involuntary urine flow from the bladder to the ______.

The external urethral sphincter controls voluntary urine flow from the bladder to the ______. Any damage to these muscles can lead to urinary incontinence.

In males, the internal urethral sphincter has the additional function of preventing the flow of semen into the male bladder during ______.

The nerves that supply the Male Urethra are derived from the prostatic plexus (mixed sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers). The prostatic plexus is one of the pelvic plexuses (an inferior extension of the vesical plexus) arising as organ-specific extensions of the inferior hypogastric ______.

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers from S2 and S3 spinal cord segments traverse pelvic splanchnic nerves, which also join the inferior hypogastric/pelvic ______.

The female external urethral orifice is located in the vestibule of the vagina, the cleft between the labia minora of the external genitalia, directly anterior to the ______ orifice.

The urethra passes with the vagina through the pelvic diaphragm, external urethral ______, and perineal membrane.

The nerves to the urethra arise from the vesical (nerve) plexus and the pudendal ______.

The musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice of the female bladder is not organized into an internal ______.

The nerves to the urethra arise from the vesical (nerve) plexus and the pudendal ______.

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers from S2 and S3 spinal cord segments traverse pelvic splanchnic nerves, which also join the inferior hypogastric/pelvic ______.

The female external urethral orifice is located in the vestibule of the vagina, the cleft between the labia minora of the external genitalia, directly anterior to the ______ orifice.

The musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice of the female bladder is not organized into an internal ______.

The urethra passes with the vagina through the pelvic diaphragm, external urethral ______, and perineal membrane.

The parasympathetic system stimulates a detrusor contraction and relaxation of the pelvic floor and external and internal ______ sphincters

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have elucidated the CNS control over the LUT, demonstrating the pivotal role of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in switching circuitry between storage and voiding phases. The PAG is located in the ______

Umbrella Cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the urinary tract, particularly in the urinary bladder. They play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the bladder wall. These cells are resistant to ______

Umbrella cells are characterized by their large size, flattened shape, and extensive apical membrane folds called 'plaques' or 'ridges.' These folds increase the surface area of the cell membrane, allowing for better expansion and contraction of the bladder during filling and ______

Dysfunction in one or more of the circuits involving frontal, midcingulate, and subcortical areas of the brain can lead to LUT ______

The female external urethral orifice is located in the vestibule of the vagina, the cleft between the labia minora of the external genitalia, directly anterior to the ______ orifice

The musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice of the female bladder is not organized into an internal ______

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the bladder arise from neurons in the S2–S4 spinal cord segments and pass via the pelvic splanchnic nerves and the inferior hypogastric and vesical (pelvic) ______ to the bladder

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers from the T11–L2 or L3 spinal cord levels involved in innervation of the bladder, prostate, and proximal urethra pass via lumbar ______ nerves

The urethra passes with the vagina through the pelvic diaphragm, external urethral ______, and perineal membrane

The right renal vein receives blood from the right kidney. The longer left renal vein receives, in addition to the left kidney, the left suprarenal vein, the left gonadal vein, and a communication with the ascending lumbar vein; it then traverses the acute angle between the SMA anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly. The Kidneys - Veins Autonomic Nerves of Kidney And Ureters. The ______ to the kidneys arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. The renal nerve plexus is supplied by fibers from the abdominopelvic (especially the least) splanchnic ______. The ______ of the abdominal part of the ureters derive from the renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral afferent fibers conveying pain sensation (e.g., resulting from obstruction and consequent distension) follow the sympathetic fibers retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11–L2.

The right renal vein receives blood from the right kidney. The longer left renal vein receives, in addition to the left kidney, the left suprarenal vein, the left gonadal vein, and a communication with the ascending lumbar vein; it then traverses the acute angle between the SMA anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly. The Kidneys - Veins Autonomic Nerves of Kidney And Ureters. The nerves to the kidneys arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. The renal nerve plexus is supplied by fibers from the abdominopelvic (especially the least) splanchnic nerves. The nerves of the ______ part of the ureters derive from the renal, ______ aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral afferent fibers conveying pain sensation (e.g., resulting from obstruction and consequent distension) follow the sympathetic fibers retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11–L2.

The right renal vein receives blood from the right kidney. The longer left renal vein receives, in addition to the left kidney, the left suprarenal vein, the left gonadal vein, and a communication with the ascending lumbar vein; it then traverses the acute angle between the SMA anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly. The Kidneys - Veins Autonomic Nerves of Kidney And Ureters. The nerves to the kidneys arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. The renal nerve plexus is supplied by fibers from the abdominopelvic (especially the least) ______ nerves. The nerves of the abdominal part of the ureters derive from the renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral afferent fibers conveying pain sensation (e.g., resulting from obstruction and consequent distension) follow the sympathetic fibers retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11–L2.

The right renal vein receives blood from the right kidney. The longer left renal vein receives, in addition to the left kidney, the left suprarenal vein, the left gonadal vein, and a communication with the ascending lumbar vein; it then traverses the acute angle between the SMA anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly. The Kidneys - Veins Autonomic Nerves of Kidney And Ureters. The nerves to the kidneys arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic ______. The renal nerve plexus is supplied by ______ from the abdominopelvic (especially the least) splanchnic nerves. The nerves of the abdominal part of the ureters derive from the renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral afferent ______ conveying pain sensation (e.g., resulting from obstruction and consequent distension) follow the sympathetic ______ retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11–L2.

The right renal vein receives blood from the right kidney. The longer left renal vein receives, in addition to the left kidney, the left suprarenal vein, the left gonadal vein, and a communication with the ascending lumbar vein; it then traverses the acute angle between the SMA anteriorly and the aorta posteriorly. The Kidneys - Veins Autonomic Nerves of Kidney And Ureters. The nerves to the kidneys arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. The renal nerve plexus is supplied by fibers from the abdominopelvic (especially the least) splanchnic nerves. The nerves of the abdominal part of the ureters derive from the renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral ______ fibers conveying pain sensation (e.g., resulting from obstruction and consequent distension) follow the sympathetic fibers retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11–L2.