51 Questions
What is the primary function of the renal system?
Maintain a stable environment for cell and tissue metabolism
Where is renin produced in the renal system?
By the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which component of the nephron is responsible for regulating glomerular blood flow?
Mesangial cells
What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane in the nephron?
Filter plasma filtrates
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
Around the afferent arteriole where it meets the glomerulus
What is the main function of podocytes in the nephron?
Modulate filtration
What is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure responsible for?
Driving filtrate into Bowman's space
What is the average hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space?
10 mmHg
Which component represents the osmotic pressure that non-permeable solutes exert within glomerular capillaries?
Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure
Where do proteins and non-permeable solutes typically end up under normal conditions?
Not filtered in Bowman's space
What happens to glomerular perfusion when arterial pressure decreases according to the myogenic mechanism?
Glomerular perfusion decreases
Which autoregulation mechanism is dependent on sodium chloride?
Tubuloglomerular feedback
What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) help increase?
Systemic arterial pressure
What stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex?
(RAAS)
(Sympathetic Nervous System) causes what to happen to decrease GFR?
(Vasoconstriction)
What happens to GFR when Angiotensin II constricts arterioles?
Decreases GFR
What is the main function of the proximal tubule?
Secretion of sodium and potassium
Which segment of the Loop of Henle is responsible for urea secretion?
Thin segment
What is the key function of the collecting duct?
Reabsorption of water
Which component plays a role in the concentration of urine?
Distal Tubule
What is the best indicator for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Inulin
What is required in order to estimate Renal Plasma Flow?
Filtration and secretion but no reabsorption
How does the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus change if Bowman Capsule hydrostatic pressure increases?
Decreases
What factor directly influences the total volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli?
Perfusion pressure of renal blood flow
What happens to the clearance rate if a substance is filtered and secreted only?
Cx will increase by 1.5 times
What is the primary function of tubular reabsorption?
To move fluid and solutes from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries
What is the main difference between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome?
Presence of hematuria in Nephritic Syndrome
What is the pathophysiological mechanism leading to glomerular sclerosis and scarring in Acute Glomerulonephritis?
Activation of complement system
Which manifestation is characteristic of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?
Proteinuria exceeding 3-5 grams/day
What is a common treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
In Acute Glomerulonephritis, what leads to the formation of immune complexes in the glomerulus?
Cross-reaction with glomerular endothelial cells
Which cellular change is NOT typically observed in Acute Glomerulonephritis?
Narrowed capillary lumen
What is a characteristic manifestation of Nephritic Syndrome?
**hematuria with RBC casts
**Decreased GFR in Acute Glomerulonephritis leads to:
**Peripheral edema
**Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with increased permeability to proteins and RBCs is a characteristic feature of:
**Nephrotic Syndrome
**Formation of autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes is associated with:
**Lupus nephritis
What is the most prevalent risk factor for kidney stones?
Inadequate fluid intake
Which type of kidney stone makes up 15% of all cases and is associated with alkaline urine and infection with urease producing bacteria?
Struvite stones
What is the mechanism by which urinary staghorn calculi form?
Crystallization or aggregation
Which pathogen is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
Escherichia coli
What anatomical factor in females increases their susceptibility to urinary tract infections?
Progesterone-mediated smooth muscle relaxation
What is the hallmark feature of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
Elevated BUN and creatinine levels
Which type of AKI is the most common cause of AKI?
Prerenal
What is the primary cause of Prerenal AKI?
Renal hypoperfusion
Which classification system is used for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) staging?
Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage
What is the primary factor worsening Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Proteinuria
Which symptom is NOT associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
**Frost and red eye
**Uremia is characterized by elevated levels of which markers?
$BUN$ and $Cr$
**Postrenal AKI is associated with which of the following disorders?
**BPH and kidney stones
**Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as GFR less than what value for 3 months or more?
$60$ mL/min/$1.73 m^2$
What is the primary mechanism leading to Oliguria in Prerenal AKI?
Decreased renal blood flow and hypoperfusion
Learn about the primary and endocrine functions of the kidneys, including maintaining a stable environment, balancing solute and water transport, excreting waste products, and more. This quiz covers topics such as hormone secretion, gluconeogenesis, and urine formation.
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