Renal Structure and Function Overview

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What is the primary function of the renal system?

Produce hormones only

Maintain a stable environment for cell and tissue metabolism (correct)

Produce red blood cells

Regulate blood sugar levels

Where is renin produced in the renal system?

By the juxtaglomerular apparatus (correct)

In the renal pelvis

In the renal medulla

By the glomerulus

Which component of the nephron is responsible for regulating glomerular blood flow?

Renal corpuscle

Bowman capsule

Podocytes

Mesangial cells (correct)

What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane in the nephron?

Filter plasma filtrates (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

Around the afferent arteriole where it meets the glomerulus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of podocytes in the nephron?

Modulate filtration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure responsible for?

Driving filtrate into Bowman's space (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space?

10 mmHg (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component represents the osmotic pressure that non-permeable solutes exert within glomerular capillaries?

Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do proteins and non-permeable solutes typically end up under normal conditions?

Not filtered in Bowman's space (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glomerular perfusion when arterial pressure decreases according to the myogenic mechanism?

Glomerular perfusion decreases (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which autoregulation mechanism is dependent on sodium chloride?

Tubuloglomerular feedback (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) help increase?

Systemic arterial pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex?

(RAAS) (A) Signup and view all the answers

(Sympathetic Nervous System) causes what to happen to decrease GFR?

(Vasoconstriction) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GFR when Angiotensin II constricts arterioles?

Decreases GFR (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the proximal tubule?

Secretion of sodium and potassium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the Loop of Henle is responsible for urea secretion?

Thin segment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the collecting duct?

Reabsorption of water (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a role in the concentration of urine?

Distal Tubule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best indicator for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Inulin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is required in order to estimate Renal Plasma Flow?

Filtration and secretion but no reabsorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus change if Bowman Capsule hydrostatic pressure increases?

Decreases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor directly influences the total volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli?

Perfusion pressure of renal blood flow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the clearance rate if a substance is filtered and secreted only?

<code>Cx</code> will increase by 1.5 times (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tubular reabsorption?

To move fluid and solutes from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome?

Presence of hematuria in Nephritic Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiological mechanism leading to glomerular sclerosis and scarring in Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Activation of complement system (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which manifestation is characteristic of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

Proteinuria exceeding 3-5 grams/day (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Acute Glomerulonephritis, what leads to the formation of immune complexes in the glomerulus?

Cross-reaction with glomerular endothelial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular change is NOT typically observed in Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Narrowed capillary lumen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic manifestation of Nephritic Syndrome?

**hematuria with RBC casts (D) Signup and view all the answers

**Decreased GFR in Acute Glomerulonephritis leads to:

**Peripheral edema (B) Signup and view all the answers

**Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with increased permeability to proteins and RBCs is a characteristic feature of:

**Nephrotic Syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

**Formation of autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes is associated with:

**Lupus nephritis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent risk factor for kidney stones?

Inadequate fluid intake (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of kidney stone makes up 15% of all cases and is associated with alkaline urine and infection with urease producing bacteria?

Struvite stones (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which urinary staghorn calculi form?

Crystallization or aggregation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli (A) Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical factor in females increases their susceptibility to urinary tract infections?

Progesterone-mediated smooth muscle relaxation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark feature of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Elevated BUN and creatinine levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of AKI is the most common cause of AKI?

Prerenal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Prerenal AKI?

Renal hypoperfusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which classification system is used for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) staging?

Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor worsening Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Proteinuria (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

**Frost and red eye (B) Signup and view all the answers

**Uremia is characterized by elevated levels of which markers?

$BUN$ and $Cr$ (D) Signup and view all the answers

**Postrenal AKI is associated with which of the following disorders?

**BPH and kidney stones (B) Signup and view all the answers

**Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as GFR less than what value for 3 months or more?

$60$ mL/min/$1.73 m^2$ (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism leading to Oliguria in Prerenal AKI?

Decreased renal blood flow and hypoperfusion (B) Signup and view all the answers