Renal Structure and Function Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the renal system?

  • Produce hormones only
  • Maintain a stable environment for cell and tissue metabolism (correct)
  • Produce red blood cells
  • Regulate blood sugar levels

    • Where is renin produced in the renal system?

  • By the juxtaglomerular apparatus (correct)
  • In the renal pelvis
  • In the renal medulla
  • By the glomerulus

    • Which component of the nephron is responsible for regulating glomerular blood flow?

  • Renal corpuscle
  • Bowman capsule
  • Podocytes
  • Mesangial cells (correct)

    • What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane in the nephron?

    <p>Filter plasma filtrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

    <p>Around the afferent arteriole where it meets the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of podocytes in the nephron?

    <p>Modulate filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure responsible for?

    <p>Driving filtrate into Bowman's space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space?

    <p>10 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component represents the osmotic pressure that non-permeable solutes exert within glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do proteins and non-permeable solutes typically end up under normal conditions?

    <p>Not filtered in Bowman's space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glomerular perfusion when arterial pressure decreases according to the myogenic mechanism?

    <p>Glomerular perfusion decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoregulation mechanism is dependent on sodium chloride?

    <p>Tubuloglomerular feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) help increase?

    <p>Systemic arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>(RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    (Sympathetic Nervous System) causes what to happen to decrease GFR?

    <p>(Vasoconstriction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to GFR when Angiotensin II constricts arterioles?

    <p>Decreases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the proximal tubule?

    <p>Secretion of sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the Loop of Henle is responsible for urea secretion?

    <p>Thin segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of the collecting duct?

    <p>Reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component plays a role in the concentration of urine?

    <p>Distal Tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best indicator for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required in order to estimate Renal Plasma Flow?

    <p>Filtration and secretion but no reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus change if Bowman Capsule hydrostatic pressure increases?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor directly influences the total volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli?

    <p>Perfusion pressure of renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the clearance rate if a substance is filtered and secreted only?

    <p><code>Cx</code> will increase by 1.5 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tubular reabsorption?

    <p>To move fluid and solutes from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome?

    <p>Presence of hematuria in Nephritic Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiological mechanism leading to glomerular sclerosis and scarring in Acute Glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Activation of complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is characteristic of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Proteinuria exceeding 3-5 grams/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Acute Glomerulonephritis, what leads to the formation of immune complexes in the glomerulus?

    <p>Cross-reaction with glomerular endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular change is NOT typically observed in Acute Glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Narrowed capillary lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic manifestation of Nephritic Syndrome?

    <p>**hematuria with RBC casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Decreased GFR in Acute Glomerulonephritis leads to:

    <p>**Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with increased permeability to proteins and RBCs is a characteristic feature of:

    <p>**Nephrotic Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Formation of autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes is associated with:

    <p>**Lupus nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent risk factor for kidney stones?

    <p>Inadequate fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kidney stone makes up 15% of all cases and is associated with alkaline urine and infection with urease producing bacteria?

    <p>Struvite stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which urinary staghorn calculi form?

    <p>Crystallization or aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical factor in females increases their susceptibility to urinary tract infections?

    <p>Progesterone-mediated smooth muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark feature of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

    <p>Elevated BUN and creatinine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of AKI is the most common cause of AKI?

    <p>Prerenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Prerenal AKI?

    <p>Renal hypoperfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is used for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) staging?

    <p>Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor worsening Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>**Frost and red eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Uremia is characterized by elevated levels of which markers?

    <p>$BUN$ and $Cr$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Postrenal AKI is associated with which of the following disorders?

    <p>**BPH and kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    **Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as GFR less than what value for 3 months or more?

    <p>$60$ mL/min/$1.73 m^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism leading to Oliguria in Prerenal AKI?

    <p>Decreased renal blood flow and hypoperfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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