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Questions and Answers
What is a cause of acute hyperkalemia?
What is a cause of acute hyperkalemia?
- Acute renal failure (correct)
- Excessive aldosterone production
- Dehydration
- Hyperventilation
Which of the following is a response to decreased plasma calcium levels?
Which of the following is a response to decreased plasma calcium levels?
- Increased renal reabsorption of calcium
- Increased secretion of calcitonin
- Decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone
- Increased activation of vitamin D (correct)
What is a key factor in magnesium homeostasis?
What is a key factor in magnesium homeostasis?
- Cortisol levels
- Renal excretion (correct)
- Thyroid hormone
- Insulin resistance
What is the normal range for ECF potassium (K+) concentration?
What is the normal range for ECF potassium (K+) concentration?
What percentage of K+ is intracellular?
What percentage of K+ is intracellular?
What is the typical fractional excretion of K+ (FEK) with normal dietary intake?
What is the typical fractional excretion of K+ (FEK) with normal dietary intake?
Where does 70% of K+ get reabsorbed?
Where does 70% of K+ get reabsorbed?
Which hormone primarily regulates K+ balance in the distal collecting duct?
Which hormone primarily regulates K+ balance in the distal collecting duct?
What effect does acidosis have on K+ secretion?
What effect does acidosis have on K+ secretion?
What is the plasma K+ level for hypokalemia?
What is the plasma K+ level for hypokalemia?
Which medical treatment for acute hyperkalemia stabilizes cardiac membrane potential?
Which medical treatment for acute hyperkalemia stabilizes cardiac membrane potential?
What is the primary mechanism of action of β2 agonists in treating acute hyperkalemia?
What is the primary mechanism of action of β2 agonists in treating acute hyperkalemia?
Which of the following stimulates aldosterone secretion in response to increased serum K+?
Which of the following stimulates aldosterone secretion in response to increased serum K+?
What is the primary effect of thiazide and loop diuretics on potassium balance?
What is the primary effect of thiazide and loop diuretics on potassium balance?
What is the effect of insulin on potassium movement?
What is the effect of insulin on potassium movement?
What is the main function of free ionized Ca++ in the body?
What is the main function of free ionized Ca++ in the body?
Which form of calcium is not filtered into the interstitial fluid or glomerulus?
Which form of calcium is not filtered into the interstitial fluid or glomerulus?
What is the most common urinary calculi formed from calcium?
What is the most common urinary calculi formed from calcium?
What stimulates calcium reabsorption from the distal tubule in response to low plasma calcium?
What stimulates calcium reabsorption from the distal tubule in response to low plasma calcium?
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) at the kidney in response to low plasma calcium?
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) at the kidney in response to low plasma calcium?
What is the percentage of calcium reabsorption regulated in the thick ascending limb (TAL)?
What is the percentage of calcium reabsorption regulated in the thick ascending limb (TAL)?
What effect do loop diuretics have on divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium?
What effect do loop diuretics have on divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium?
What is the primary mechanism of compensatory response to low effective circulating volume in the renal system?
What is the primary mechanism of compensatory response to low effective circulating volume in the renal system?
What is the main function of free ionized magnesium in the body?
What is the main function of free ionized magnesium in the body?
Where is approximately 65% of magnesium reabsorption regulated?
Where is approximately 65% of magnesium reabsorption regulated?
In which form is approximately 50% of plasma magnesium present?
In which form is approximately 50% of plasma magnesium present?
What is the effect of loop diuretics on magnesium excretion?
What is the effect of loop diuretics on magnesium excretion?
What is the primary effect of high tubular flow at the macula densa?
What is the primary effect of high tubular flow at the macula densa?
What stimulates renin release in the kidneys?
What stimulates renin release in the kidneys?
What is the primary response of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH to low effective circulating volume?
What is the primary response of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH to low effective circulating volume?
What effect does angiotensin II have on renal perfusion pressure and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?
What effect does angiotensin II have on renal perfusion pressure and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?
What is the primary effect of aldosterone on water and potassium balance?
What is the primary effect of aldosterone on water and potassium balance?
What stimulates renin secretion in the kidneys?
What stimulates renin secretion in the kidneys?
What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
What activates nitric oxide synthase to produce Nitric Oxide (NO) in the kidneys?
What activates nitric oxide synthase to produce Nitric Oxide (NO) in the kidneys?
What is the coupling factor for renin secretion in the kidneys?
What is the coupling factor for renin secretion in the kidneys?
What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH in response to low effective circulating volume?
What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH in response to low effective circulating volume?
What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on renal perfusion pressure and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?
What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on renal perfusion pressure and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?
What is the primary effect of aldosterone on water and potassium balance?
What is the primary effect of aldosterone on water and potassium balance?
Study Notes
Renal Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Low effective circulating volume may not correspond to low total body volume
- Examples of edema of varying etiologies: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis
- With normal circulating volumes, activity of renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and sympathetic nerves is generally low
- Kidneys regulate blood pressure by affecting Na+ and H2O balance
- Tubuloglomerular feedback stimulates renin release
- High tubular flow is sensed at the macula densa
- High tubular flow activates nitric oxide synthase to produce Nitric Oxide (NO) which leads to vessel relaxation/dilation
- Renin secretion is coupled to the renal baroreceptor
- Renin is released in response to low perfusion and low Na+
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system + ADH responds to low effective circulating volume
- Angiotensin II increases renal perfusion pressure and ECF volume
- Aldosterone causes H2O retention and K+ excretion
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Test your knowledge of the renal regulation of blood pressure with questions on the role of renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and other mechanisms involved in maintaining blood pressure balance in the body.
