Renal Physiology and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the body's weight do the kidneys represent?

  • 0.25%
  • 0.5% (correct)
  • 1%
  • 2%

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive in terms of renal blood flow?

  • 20-25% (correct)
  • 15-20%
  • 5-10%
  • 10-15%

What proportion of the oxygen extracted by the kidneys is utilized for renal function?

  • 80% (correct)
  • 60%
  • 20%
  • 40%

What is the daily amount of renal blood flow received by the kidneys?

<p>180 liters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose is approximately 20% of the oxygen consumed by the kidneys used?

<p>Nutritional needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during vasoconstriction?

<p>Decrease in pressure downstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding vasodilation?

<p>It results in increased flow downstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure upstream?

<p>It increases pressure upstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs with vasodilation?

<p>Increase in vessel diameter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which result is associated with decreased diameter in blood vessels?

<p>Decreased blood flow downstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urine as it passes through the first part of the distal convoluted tubule?

<p>It becomes more diluted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vasa recta in relation to juxtamedullary nephrons?

<p>To establish the cortico-medullary osmotic gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily eliminated through secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

<p>H+ and K+ ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which segment of the Henle's loop does water primarily leave the filtrate?

<p>Descending thin segment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the reabsorption process in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

<p>Hormonal control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of urea is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the descending thin segment of the Henle's loop?

<p>15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the last part of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, what is adjusted to produce final urine?

<p>Osmolarity and volume of body fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the reabsorption process in the ascending thin segment of the Henle's loop?

<p>Sodium, chloride, and potassium are reabsorbed with no water loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to urea?

<p>Distal convoluted tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reabsorption occurring in the distal convoluted tubule?

<p>To adjust osmolarity and volume of body fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urea reabsorption affect the cortico-medullary osmotic gradient?

<p>It contributes to strengthening the cortico-medullary osmotic gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does asymmetric NaCl and water reabsorption affect the renal medulla?

<p>It contributes to an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of urea in urine?

<p>To serve as the most abundant component of urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is urea primarily filtered in the nephron?

<p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily eliminated by the secretion processes in the Proximal Convulsed Tubule?

<p>Xenobiotics like antibiotics, medication, and dyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is secreted in conjunction with bicarbonate absorption in the Proximal Convulsed Tubule?

<p>H+ ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the secretion of ammonia (NH3) in the Proximal Convulsed Tubule?

<p>Deamination of glutamate and glutamic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the protons released from the deamination of ammonia play in the body?

<p>They are important for acid-base homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT primarily associated with the secretion process in the Proximal Convulsed Tubule?

<p>Bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP play in the process depicted in the diagram?

<p>It transports sodium ions from the interstitial fluid into the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for generating carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase (AC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process, what occurs when sodium ions cotransport with protons through the transporter?

<p>Carbonic acid is formed and later dissociates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a result of the breakdown of carbonic acid in the process?

<p>Water and carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is directly involved in the exchange process alongside sodium ions?

<p>Bicarbonate ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Distal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorption

Reabsorption in the early part of the distal convoluted tubule is similar to the ascending loop of Henle, leading to more diluted urine.

DCT & Collecting Duct Role

The final part of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct produce urine by adjusting fluid osmolarity and volume, controlled by hormones.

Hormonal Control Reabsorption

Reabsorption in the later parts of the nephron is regulated by hormones.

Secretion in DCT

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct also secrete excess H+ and K+ ions.

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Urine Concentration Adjust

The DCT & collecting duct regulate the osmolarity and volume of urine.

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Henle's loop reabsorption

Water and salt reabsorption in Henle's loop creates a gradient in the kidney.

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Descending thin segment

Water moves out of the filtrate in this part of the loop, becoming more concentrated.

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Ascending thin segment

Salts move out of the filtrate in this part of the loop, becoming more diluted.

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Cortico-medullary gradient

Reabsorption by the Henle's loops creates differing salt concentrations in the kidney.

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Urine concentration

The final concentration of the urine is mainly determined by the gradient from Henle's loops.

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Secretion

The PCT actively secretes various substances, mainly xenobiotics, such as antibiotics, medications, and dyes.

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H+ Secretion in PCT

The PCT secretes hydrogen ions (H+) in exchange for bicarbonate reabsorption, a process that helps regulate blood pH.

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Ammonia (NH3) Secretion in PCT

Ammonia (NH3) is secreted in the PCT as a result of the breakdown of amino acids. This process releases protons (H+), which are crucial for acid-base balance.

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Why is PCT Secretion Important?

Secretion in the PCT helps eliminate unwanted substances from the body and regulates blood pH. This is crucial for maintaining overall health.

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Xenobiotics

Xenobiotics are foreign substances that are not naturally produced by the body, such as medications and environmental pollutants.

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What is the role of ATP in this process?

ATP provides energy for the active transport of sodium ions (Na⁺) from the interstitial fluid into the cell.

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What enzyme is involved in the bicarbonate reabsorption?

Carbonic anhydrase (AC) catalyzes the conversion of CO₂ and H₂O to carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and vice versa. This reaction is crucial for bicarbonate reabsorption.

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What does NHE3 do?

NHE3 is a transporter protein responsible for the co-transport of sodium ions (Na⁺) and protons (H⁺). It moves sodium into the cell and protons out of the cell.

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Sodium-Proton Exchange

Sodium ions (Na⁺) are exchanged for protons (H⁺) through a specific transporter (NHE3). This results in the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of protons.

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Bicarbonate Reabsorption

Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) are reabsorbed by being converted to carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which then breaks down into CO₂ and H₂O. This process is crucial for maintaining blood pH balance.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow and lowering blood pressure.

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Blood pressure and vessel diameter

Blood pressure is inversely proportional to the diameter of blood vessels. Smaller diameter, higher pressure. Larger diameter, lower pressure.

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Upstream pressure (P(amont))

The pressure in the blood vessel before a constriction or dilation point.

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Downstream pressure (P(aval))

The pressure in the blood vessel after a constriction or dilation point.

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Urea reabsorption

Urea is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules, but only 50% is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. The rest is reabsorbed in the medullary collecting duct.

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Urea's role in cortico-medullary gradient

Reabsorption of urea in the medullary collecting duct contributes to the cortico-medullary osmotic gradient, which helps concentrate urine.

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Cortico-medullary osmotic gradient

This gradient is a difference in solute concentration between the renal cortex and medulla, created by salt and urea movement.

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Distal convoluted tubule and urea

The distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct are impermeable to urea, meaning urea cannot pass through their walls.

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Urea's role in urine concentration

Urea contributes to the final concentration of urine by being reabsorbed in the medullary collecting duct.

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Renal Blood Flow (RBF)

The amount of blood that flows through the kidneys per minute. It is approximately 20-25% of the cardiac output, despite the kidneys only making up 0.5% of the body's weight.

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Oxygen Extraction by Kidneys

Kidneys extract about 15% of the oxygen from the blood that passes through them.

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Where Does the Kidney Use Most Oxygen?

Around 80% of the oxygen used by the kidneys is for renal function (like active transport of substances), while only 20% is used for the kidney's basic metabolic needs.

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What is Active Transport?

Active transport is a process that requires energy to move substances across cell membranes, against their concentration gradient, usually from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

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Why is Renal Blood Circulation Important?

The large blood flow through the kidneys allows them to filter a significant amount of blood and produce urine, removing waste products and regulating blood volume and composition.

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