Ch 32 Guyton Renal Pathophysiology Quiz

<p>Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the smaller arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40% to 50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large amounts of fibrinoid deposits in the arterioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickened glomerular membranes and decreased filtering capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement by fibrous tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion of large quantities of plasma proteins in the urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased permeability of the glomerular membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial Nephritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptococcal infections account for only a small percentage of cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive thickening of the membranes and inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Further damage to renal tubules, glomeruli, and other structures eventually leading to loss of function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicoureteral reflux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate bladder wall occlusion at the ureter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant decrease in plasma protein concentration, leading to edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 10 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in fluid accumulation outside the capillaries, causing severe edema. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the concentration of creatinine and urea. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in both PO4 and H+. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their concentration is maintained relatively stable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable production with increased or decreased plasma levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body adapts differently to changes in the excretion of various solutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significantly increased plasma concentration of creatinine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the GFR is reduced to 25% of normal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production is constant but excretion decreases causing an accumulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolyte and fluid retention leads to death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their excretion depends primarily on glomerular filtration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creatinine excretion rate decreases proportionally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By excreting a larger fraction of filtered solutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing sodium and chloride reabsorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four times as much. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As GFR decreases, their accumulation increases almost proportionally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The excretion rate is approximately equal to the filtration rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate production of erythropoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakening and partial absorption of bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys are responsible for the second stage of conversion of vitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased production of active vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to demineralization of the skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium and water excretion increase at a higher blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condition where bacteria multiply in the bladder, leading to inflammation.

Hardening or scarring of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys.

Flow of urine back up towards the kidneys during urination.

Hardening or scarring of the blood vessels in the kidneys.

A major risk factor for developing hypertension, accounting for about 65 to 75 percent of the risk.

Kidneys are infected and inflamed, especially in the medulla region.

Loss of functional nephrons in the kidneys forces the remaining nephrons to work harder to excrete water and solutes.

A condition that worsens kidney function in patients already dealing with kidney disease.

A type of vascular lesion that can lead to kidney tissue death by restricting blood flow.

Low plasma protein levels due to excessive protein loss in urine, leading to fluid leaking from capillaries and causing edema.

The forceful expulsion of urine from the bladder during urination.

A type of vascular lesion that can lead to kidney tissue death by narrowing the arteries.

A condition characterized by a loss of functional nephrons, decreasing renal blood flow and GFR over time, often starting after the age of 40.

The process of urine formation in the kidneys.

The outer layer of the kidney.

A severe type of nephrosclerosis that progresses rapidly, often associated with severe hypertension.

Inflammation of the spaces between the kidney tubules, often caused by an infection or immune response.

A chronic kidney disease characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function due to progressive damage. This can lead to a build-up of waste products in the blood.

The filtering units of the kidney, responsible for removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood.

A type of kidney disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine.

The membrane surrounding the glomeruli, responsible for filtering blood.

A decrease in the number and size of filtering capillaries within the glomeruli, leading to reduced filtration capacity.

The process by which the glomeruli filter blood, removing waste products and excess fluid.

Abnormal accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomerular membranes, leading to inflammation and damage.

The rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys.

A waste product produced by the body and filtered by the kidneys.

A waste product produced by the body and filtered by the kidneys. It's level in blood can reflect renal function.

A mineral that is filtered by the kidneys. Its level can be impacted by kidney function.

A mineral that is filtered by the kidneys. Its concentration can be affected by kidney function.

A mineral that is filtered by the kidneys. Its levels can be impacted by kidney function.

The process of the body maintaining a stable internal environment, despite external changes. Helps to keep blood chemistry balanced.

A condition where kidney function is significantly reduced, affecting waste removal and fluid balance.

The minimum number of nephrons needed to maintain normal kidney function. If this number is exceeded, the kidneys begin to fail.

The process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the body through urine.

The amount of a substance filtered by the kidneys each minute.

The process by which the kidneys reabsorb water and electrolytes from the filtered urine back into the bloodstream.

The process by which the kidneys add substances from the blood into the filtered urine.

Anemia caused by chronic kidney disease is often treated with recombinant erythropoietin.

Osteomalacia, a condition where bones weaken, can occur in CKD due to decreased active vitamin D production by damaged kidneys.

In CKD, the kidneys can't convert inactive vitamin D into its active form, reducing calcium absorption from the intestine.

Increased phosphate levels in the blood contribute to bone demineralization in CKD because of decreased GFR, leading to less phosphate excretion.

High blood pressure can be a symptom of excessive aldosterone secretion, which increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Even with increased blood pressure, pressure natriuresis and diuresis reset to a higher level, leading to no obvious signs of impaired sodium and water excretion except for hypertension.

Patchy damage to the kidneys can cause hypertension, as the remaining nephrons work harder to filter blood.

Hypertension in CKD can develop from various factors, including excessive aldosterone secretion, patchy renal damage, and the need for remaining nephrons to work harder.