Renal Module: Nephrology and General Internal Medicine

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What is the main function of the kidney?

Storing nutrients

Producing blood cells

Regulating volume, osmolarity, mineral composition, and acidity (correct)

Controlling body temperature

Which type of feedback loop is mainly observed in nephrology?

Positive feedback loops (correct)

Neutral feedback loops

Feedforward loops

Negative feedback loops

What process does the kidney involve to maintain homeostasis in the body?

Regulation and excretion (correct)

Blood pressure elevation

Positive filtration

Balance of blood cells

What is a characteristic of positive feedback loops?

Response to a change intensifies the original change Signup and view all the answers

How does the kidney help in preventing edema?

By regulating volume and excreting excess intake Signup and view all the answers

What is a major renal function related to the excretion of metabolic waste products?

Urea elimination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the endocrine system related to the kidneys?

Production of erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of erythropoietin in the kidneys?

Low O2 tension in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT a metabolic waste product excreted by the kidneys?

Bilirubin from liver metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of renin in the kidneys?

Regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What basic principle explains why the osmolarities of intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) remain almost exactly equal to each other?

Water moves rapidly across cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of osmoles in the ECF or ICF according to the text?

Remains constant unless solutes are added or lost Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis by ensuring excretion, regulation, and secretion?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What are the most closely regulated parameters mentioned in the text?

Osmolality and volume Signup and view all the answers

Why can't osmolality and tonicity be used interchangeably?

Because tonicity refers to the concentration of water relative to a cell, while osmolality refers to solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of the rate of angiotensin II formation?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about urine output is true?

UNa may vary from 0.05g/24h to 20g/24h Signup and view all the answers

What is the major extracellular component in the body?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What separates the cells from the capillary lumen in the body?

Interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding osmosis?

It involves movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

What does tonicity refer to?

The capacity of a solution to cause a change in cell volume Signup and view all the answers

What is true about isoosmotic and isotonic solutions?

They cause changes in cell volume Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines fluid exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid?

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures Signup and view all the answers

What does osmolality measure?

Number of osmoles/Kg of water Signup and view all the answers

When comparing solutions based on tonicity, what does an isotonic solution mean?

The solution has the same osmolarity as another solution. Signup and view all the answers