Renal Medications

<p>3% NaCl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As maintenance fluids to prevent dehydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the osmolarity of the filtrate in the nephron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent vasoconstriction by blocking angiotensin II type 1 receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They directly relax smooth muscle, causing vasodilation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce renin secretion from the kidneys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily reduce heart rate and contractility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whole Blood (A), Packed RBC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit Na+/Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause metabolic acidosis due to bicarbonate loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase urine output significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperaldosteronism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to maintain oncotic pressure in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart failure with severe edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.5 to 5.0 mmol per litre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry oxygen and increase tissue oxygenation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium-sparing diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.9% NaCl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act primarily on the Collecting Duct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, meaning it won't cause fluid to move in or out of cells.

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than blood plasma, causing fluid to move out of blood vessels and into surrounding tissues.

A solution with higher osmotic pressure than blood plasma, drawing fluid from surrounding tissues into blood vessels.

Crystalloids are solutions containing fluids and electrolytes found naturally in the body. They help rehydrate, replace fluid losses, correct electrolyte imbalances, and promote urine production.

Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) and Lactated Ringer's (LR) are common examples of isotonic IV solutions.

Fluid solutions composed of water, electrolytes, and small molecules that can pass through cell membranes. They are used to replenish fluids and electrolytes.

Normal saline is a crystalloid solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) in water. It is isotonic to blood, meaning it has the same salt concentration as blood plasma.

A balanced electrolyte solution containing sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate. It is similar to blood plasma and is often used for fluid resuscitation.

A crystalloid solution containing 5% dextrose (a type of sugar) in water. It is hypotonic to blood, meaning it has a lower salt concentration than blood plasma.

A combination of dextrose and sodium chloride in water. It is slightly hypotonic to blood and often used for hydrating patients.

Large molecules that cannot pass through cell membranes. They remain in the bloodstream, increasing blood volume and oncotic pressure.

A natural protein produced by the liver, responsible for generating a significant portion of blood's oncotic pressure.

Red blood cells that have been concentrated without plasma. Used to increase oxygen carrying capacity for patients with anemia.

Contains all blood components, used for significant blood volume loss.

A critical electrolyte found primarily inside cells. It plays a vital role in muscle contraction, heart function, and nerve impulses.

Drugs that increase urine output by interfering with sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide that act on the distal convoluted tubule, blocking sodium and water reabsorption.

Drugs like furosemide that act on the loop of Henle, powerfully inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption.

Drugs like spironolactone that retain potassium while promoting sodium and water excretion, used for specific conditions.

Medications that increase urine output by drawing water from the body into the urine. They work by making the filtrate in the kidneys more concentrated, preventing water reabsorption.

An example of an osmotic diuretic often used to reduce swelling in the brain (cerebral edema) and eyes (glaucoma).

Medications used to lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. They work by various mechanisms to reduce the amount of blood pumped by the heart and/or expand blood vessels.

A broad class of drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system, which controls 'fight or flight' responses. They can be used to increase or decrease blood pressure.

Medications that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor.

By blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, they reduce blood vessel constriction and lower aldosterone levels, reducing sodium and water retention.

Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Captopril

Medications that block the action of angiotensin II by preventing it from binding to its receptors, leading to vasodilation.

They work directly on the angiotensin II receptors rather than blocking its production, which prevents the cough and angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors.

Medications that block the flow of calcium into the heart and blood vessel muscles, leading to relaxation and reduced blood pressure.

There are two main types: Dihydropyridines (e.g., Amlodipine, Nifedipine) mainly dilate blood vessels and Non-dihydropyridines (e.g., Verapamil, Diltiazem) affect both the heart and blood vessels.

Medications that block the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) on the heart, reducing heart rate and contractility.

Medications that block the effects of adrenaline on blood vessels, leading to dilation and lower blood pressure.