Renaissance Art and Humanism Quiz

The Renaissance was a period of renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture, art, and learning in Europe, starting in the 14th century.

The Renaissance began in Italy due to its thriving city-states, wealthy patrons who supported artists and scholars, and a strong emphasis on education and human potential.

Humanism, a key Renaissance value, focused on human potential and abilities, emphasizing the study of classical literature, history, and philosophy.

The printing press, invented by Gutenberg in the 1440s, allowed for the mass production of books, spreading Renaissance ideas and knowledge more quickly and efficiently.

Renaissance art, influenced by classical models, embraced naturalism, realism, and human form, incorporating elements of perspective, light, and contrapposto.

A cultural movement that began in Italy emphasizing the revival and study of Greek and Roman ideas and concepts, focusing on human potential and achievements.

The idea that human beings have unlimited potential and should strive for excellence in all areas of life, including education, art, and science.

A type of humanism that emphasizes the importance of civic virtue and the role of education in shaping responsible citizens.

A philosophy that emphasizes the teachings of Jesus Christ and the role of Christian values in shaping a just and humane society.

A movement that began in northern Europe, focusing on art and literature that reflected Christian themes while still embracing Renaissance ideals.

A period of European history marked by a shift in power from local lords to centralized monarchies with greater control over taxes, armies, and state religions.

A period of intense exploration and conquest driven by the desire for wealth, glory, and the spread of Christianity.

An economic theory that emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and creating a favorable balance of trade.

A revolutionary invention that revolutionized communication and helped to spread ideas, literature, and knowledge rapidly during the Renaissance.

A series of technological advancements in shipbuilding and navigation that made exploration and trade more efficient and effective.

A period of religious reform that challenged many of the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church during the 16th century. It led to the emergence of Protestantism and significant changes in the religious landscape of Europe.

A movement within the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation, aimed at reaffirming Catholic teachings and practices, strengthening the Church's power, and combating the spread of Protestantism.

The belief that the bread and wine used in communion actually transform into the body and blood of Christ, a central doctrine of the Catholic Church.

A religious and political movement that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and address abuses within its hierarchy. Key figures included John Wyclyffe and Jan Hus.

A religious sect that broke away from the Catholic Church, founded by Martin Luther in Germany during the 16th century. Key tenets include salvation by faith alone, the authority of scripture, and the rejection of papal authority.

A religious group formed by King Henry VIII of England to separate from the Roman Catholic Church, giving the king ultimate authority over matters of religion within his kingdom.

The ruler of England from 1558 to 1603, known for her strong leadership. She introduced a series of reforms that helped to unify the country and establish England as a major power.

A term that encompassed a variety of Protestant denominations, including Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism, that emphasized individual conscience, biblical authority, and the importance of personal religious experience.

A new artistic style that emerged in Europe in the 16th century, known for its dramatic use of light and shadow, emotional intensity, and a focus on movement and detail.

The Act of Supremacy (1534) and Act of Uniformity (1559) helped establish the Church of England, replacing the authority of the Pope with the monarch. These acts also imposed a set of religious practices and beliefs, solidifying England's move away from Catholicism.

The belief that faith alone is sufficient for salvation, rejecting the need for good works or rituals.

A moderate form of Protestantism that emerged in Switzerland, emphasizing simplicity, humanism, and rejecting the Eucharist.

An Anabaptist branch of Protestantism that emphasizes the importance of adult baptism, church-state separation, and non-violence.

A Protestant denomination founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination, God's sovereignty, and a strict moral code.

The official religion of England, established by King Henry VIII, closely resembling Catholicism but removing the Pope's authority.

The Church of England established by King Henry VIII, rejecting the authority of the Pope and emphasizing the Bible.

A model of the universe where Earth is at the center and everything else revolves around it.

French Calvinists who faced persecution for their religious beliefs and sought rights and recognition from the predominantly Catholic French society.

A model of the universe where the Sun is at the center and all the planets orbit it.

A Catholic League formed against the Huguenots, named after Henry of Guise, the first member to die.

The purchase or sale of church offices for personal gain.

A set of laws that describe how planets move around the Sun.

The force of attraction between any two objects with mass. It's what keeps planets in orbit.

A practice in the Catholic Church where individuals could pay for the forgiveness of their sins.

The idea that the body is made of four fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) that must be balanced for good health.

A Roman Catholic religious order founded in the 16th century to combat the Protestant Reformation, known for its missionary work and education.

The scientific method is a way of investigating the natural world using observations, experiments, and reasoning to test hypotheses.

A new artistic style that emerged after the Renaissance, characterized by distorted figures, exaggerated movement, and emotional intensity.

A type of reasoning that starts with specific observations and leads to general laws.

The pursuit of knowledge through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning.

A movement that emphasized the importance of human reason and observation in understanding the world.

A belief that God created the universe but then left it to run itself according to natural laws.

Italian poet and bureaucrat who rediscovered and admired the works of Cicero, sparking a renewed interest in classical Latin and a desire to emulate the Roman Republic.

A German metalsmith, crucial for developing the printing press alongside others, which revolutionized book production, making it faster, cheaper, and less reliant on monastic labor.

A powerful Italian banking family who played a significant role in promoting arts, education, and culture during the Renaissance. They rose to power through wealth and influence, often using bribery and corruption.

A humanist who wrote 'The Courtier', a guidebook for gentlemen and ladies on how to develop refined manners, strong bodies, and sharp minds.

The author of 'The Prince', a treatise that revolutionized political thought by arguing that power is more important than morality. Machiavelli believed that rulers should focus on maintaining power, even if it means using deception or violence.

A Flemish painter known for his realistic and detailed portrayals of religious scenes and everyday people, and for pioneering the use of oil paints.

A leading figure in the Northern Renaissance, known for his oil paintings and realism. His work explored themes of religion, humanity, and the human condition.

The exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between Europe and the Americas, significantly impacting societies on both sides of the Atlantic. It brought new crops, diseases, and cultural practices.

A French king who, despite his nickname, used shrewd political and economic strategies to expand his territory and consolidate power, including increasing taxation through the Taille.

This political marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified their kingdoms and led to significant religious and political changes in Spain, including the Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition.

The English monarch known for his six marriage, breaking from the Catholic Church, and establishing the Church of England. He aimed for religious reforms and a national church.

The French King known for his consolidation of power through taxation, establishing the 'Concordat of Bologna' (agreement with Pope Leo) and the 'Church of England'

The Russian prince who, in 1450, overthrew the Mongol domination of Russia and established a Russian state, making him crucial in Russia's transition to a unified power.

A prominent French minister of finance and mercantilist who greatly impacted France's economy during the reign of Louis XIV. He created policies to promote domestic industry by abolishing tariffs on French goods and implementing a trade strategy that focused on increasing gold reserves.

A period of scientific advancements and innovations in Europe, marked by a shift from traditional beliefs towards observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning.

An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, logic, and individual liberty. It challenged traditional authority, including religious dogma, and promoted a rational approach to societal problems.

A change in economic thinking that moved away from mercantilism and towards the idea of free markets and limited government intervention. It emphasizes the role of supply and demand in regulating the economy.

A Protestant denomination that emphasizes personal religious experience, emotional conviction, and the importance of personal relationship with God.

A form of governance where a single person, typically a king or queen, holds absolute power and authority over the state.

A political theory that advocates for a separation of powers within government to prevent tyranny. It emphasizes checks and balances between different branches of government, such as the executive, legislative, and judicial.

A concept that emphasizes the collective will or shared understanding of the people. It suggests that the sovereign or government should act in accordance with the general will of the population.

A political theory that emphasizes the social contract, which is the agreement between individuals to form a society and submit to government in exchange for protection and order.

The idea that individuals should be free to pursue their economic interests without excessive government intervention, allowing the market forces of supply and demand to regulate the economy.

An era characterized by a significant increase in trade, consumer goods, and overall wealth in Europe. It led to a rise in consumerism and a shift towards materialistic values.

A process where people moved from rural areas to cities, often seeking better economic opportunities or fleeing agrarian hardships.

A period of intense exploration and trade that led to significant wealth and a high quality of life for the Dutch.

The ruler of a particular province within the Dutch Republic, holding a prominent position in the government.

A series of uprisings by French nobles against the monarchy, largely caused by financial burdens and the growing power of the king.

A grand palace built by Louis XIV, strategically designed to control the French nobility by offering luxury and entertainment while limiting their power.

A Russian city established by Peter the Great to modernize Russia and bring it closer to Western Europe.

A major European conflict that exemplifies a balance of power strategy to prevent the growth of a dominant state.

A drastic shift in warfare caused by the Thirty Years' War, introducing new weapons and tactics like the musket and the 'kneeling' formation.

The peaceful division of Polish territory between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, demonstrating diplomacy over war to maintain power balance.

A radical shift in agricultural practices that significantly increased food production, leading to population growth and urbanization.

A system where merchants provide raw materials to individuals, typically in their homes, for processing and production of goods, primarily textiles.

An economic system driven by private corporations and individuals, free from government control, with market forces determining prices and production.

The first British monarch of Scottish origin, facing financial challenges due to war debts and parliamentary resistance to tax increases.

Charles I's reign was marked by his belief in absolute power and the 'divine right of kings', leading to conflict with Parliament and a civil war.

The leader of Parliament during the English Civil War, who established a military dictatorship after the king's execution.

The king who replaced Charles II, known for his Catholic son James III, which led to the Glorious Revolution.

A French cardinal and chief minister who orchestrated France's involvement in the Thirty Years' War and faced rebellions during the Fronde.

A Russian Tsar who embraced Westernization, establishing a navy, a shipbuilding industry, and reforming the Russian Orthodox Church.

The massacre of Huguenots in Paris (1572) ordered by Charles IX of France. It was triggered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, to Charles IX's sister, Catherine de Medici. The massacre led to widespread violence against the Huguenots for three days.

A period of conflict during the 16th century in France involving three major figures: * Henry of Navarre (wanted the throne and later became King Henry IV), * Henry III (the reigning King), * Henry of Guise (leaderof the Catholic League).

The Edict of Nantes was a decree issued by Henry IV of France in 1598. It granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) within a largely Catholic France. Huguenots could now practice their religion openly and enjoy certain civil rights.

A rebellion of the Netherlands against Spanish rule. It started in 1568 due to religious persecution and political oppression by Philip II of Spain. Led by William of Orange, it resulted in the Netherlands' independence from Spanish rule in the 17th century. It also became known as the 80 Years' War.

An invasion force of Spanish ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to attack England in 1588. Its mission was to dethrone Queen Elizabeth I and install a Catholic monarch, but it was decisively defeated due to British naval skills, storms, and possibly a 'Protestant Wind'.

The campaign by Spain to reclaim land lost to the Islamic Moors and Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). The Reconquista spanned nearly 800 years and concluded in 1492 with the Fall of Granada.

A period of Catholic resurgence in Europe that followed the Protestant Reformation. It involved a number of initiatives to reaffirm and strengthen Catholic teachings and practices, including the Council of Trent, the Inquisition, and the establishment of new religious orders.

A powerful religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. Jesuits played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation, known for their missionary work, educational activities, and their emphasis on discipline, intellectual pursuits, and obedience to the Pope.

The 30 Years' War was a major European conflict (1618-1648), rooted in religious disputes among Catholics, Protestants, and Calvinists. It was triggered by the rise of Protestantism and involved alliances like the Schmalkaldic League (Protestant) and the Catholic League. It resulted in the Peace of Westphalia, which established religious tolerance across Europe.

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of treaties that ended the 30 Years' War (1618-1648). It recognized Calvinism as a legitimate faith, weakened the power of the Habsburgs, and established a principle of state sovereignty in Europe, allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territory.

The period in Europe where people accused individuals, primarily women, of practicing witchcraft. They were accused of making pacts with the devil and using black magic to harm others. It was partly fuelled by fear, superstition, and religious persecution during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

A festival of feasting, drinking, and merriment, often held in pre-Lenten times. It involved celebrations, masked balls, parades, and the letting loose of social inhibitions. It was a time of joy and festivity, but also a time for indulgence and potential mischief before the austerity of Lent.

Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian who began the Protestant Reformation. He criticized certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church, including indulgences and the sale of clerical offices. He believed in salvation through faith alone (sola fide) and the authority of Scripture alone (sola Scriptura), establishing a new branch of Christianity.

Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss theologian who led the Swiss Reformation. He emphasizing the authority of scripture and promoting a stripped-down form of Protestantism. He differed from Luther in his interpretation of some aspects of the Eucharist, advocating for a purely symbolic understanding of the bread and wine.

John Calvin was a French theologian who played a pivotal role in the Protestant Reformation. He emphasized God's absolute sovereignty, predestination (the idea that God has chosen who will be saved) and the doctrine of grace. His teachings formed the basis of Calvinism, a major branch of Protestantism.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, held a pivotal role in the European history of that time. He was responsible for presiding over the Diet of Worms in 1521, where Martin Luther was summoned and condemned for his religious views, formally beginning the Protestant Reformation.

A conflict between Prussia and Austria over control of Silesia, considered the 'first world war' by historians.

The Indian theater of the Seven Years' War involved France and Britain vying for control of the lucrative trade routes and territory in India.

The French and Indian War was the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War, where France fought Britain for control of territory, alliances with Native American tribes, and dominance in the region.

The American Revolution, beginning in 1776, was a fight for independence from Great Britain.

The French Revolution, starting in 1789, was a series of political and social upheavals in France that led to the establishment of a republic and the end of the monarchy.

The Estates-General was the legislative body in France before the revolution, composed of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.

The Third Estate was composed of commoners, including merchants, peasants, and urban workers.

A tax levied by the French monarchy on the Third Estate, but not the clergy or nobility, leading to resentment and contributing to the revolution.

A symbolic oath taken by the Third Estate after being locked out of the Estates-General, vowing to create a new constitution for France.

A document outlining the rights of man and citizen, including the rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

The National Assembly formed during the early stages of the revolution, replacing the Estates-General.

The storming of the Bastille, a royal prison, on July 14, 1789, marked the start of the French Revolution.

The Reign of Terror, a period of extreme violence and executions, was led by the Jacobins during the French Revolution.

The Committee of Public Safety was formed during the Reign of Terror to protect the republic and suppress opposition.

The Directory was a five-person executive body established after the Reign of Terror, marking the end of revolutionary violence and chaos.

This treaty concluded the War of Austrian Succession, forcing all parties to return conquered territories to Austria.

This treaty, signed after the War of Austrian Succession, forced France to return Madras to Great Britain.

Signed in 1763, this treaty concluded the Seven Years' War and significantly altered the global balance of power.