Renaissance Art and Humanism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What factor contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance in Italy?

  • Rediscovery of classical texts (correct)
  • Support from the Church
  • Invention of the printing press
  • Resistance to new ideas

    • The painting techniques during the Renaissance were primarily focused on abstraction and symbolism.

    False

    What invention in the 1440s significantly impacted the spread of Renaissance ideas?

    Gutenberg's printing press

    The Renaissance emphasized the study of history, logic, morals, and __________.

    <p>philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Renaissance concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Humanism = Focus on human potential and achievements Naturalism = Depiction of subjects as they are in reality Geometric perspective = Technique to create depth in art Contrapposto = Pose that creates a sense of movement in figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artist is known for painting the Sistine Chapel Ceiling?

    <p>Michelangelo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanism emphasizes the study of religious texts over Greek and Roman classics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Humanism'?

    <p>Francisco Petrarch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ printing press greatly increased literacy rates and spread Renaissance ideas.

    <p>Gutenberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a motivation for the Age of Exploration?

    <p>Mercantilism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renaissance art was exclusively focused on religious themes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three prevailing motivations for exploration during the Age of Exploration?

    <p>Gold, God, Glory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions:

    <p>Leonardo Bruni = Civic humanism Baldassare Castiglione = The Courtier Giovanni Pico della Mirandola = Human potential Michelangelo = Sistine Chapel Ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Christian humanism seeks to reform the church's teachings to focus on _______ teachings.

    <p>biblical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Renaissance thinker is credited with emphasizing the importance of education in civic responsibilities?

    <p>Leonardo Bruni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model proposed that the Earth is at the center of the universe?

    <p>Geocentric model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isaac Newton is known for formulating the laws of planetary motion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of the Law of Universal Gravitation?

    <p>Gravity keeps planets together and is proportional to mass and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the process of using inductive reasoning to pursue knowledge.

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key people with their contributions:

    <p>Copernicus = Heliocentric model Galileo = Improved telescope Kepler = Laws of Planetary Motion Newton = Law of Universal Gravitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the concept of natural rights?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Montesquieu advocated for a system of government without any separation of powers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did the consumer revolution change production methods?

    <p>It shifted from cottage industries to factories, increasing demand for consumer items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ movement emphasized personal relationships with God over church doctrine.

    <p>Pietism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the economic theorists with their main ideas:

    <p>Adam Smith = Invisible hand of the market Turgot = Laissez-faire economy Marx = Class struggle Keynes = Government intervention in economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following artists is known for the painting 'The Last Supper'?

    <p>Leonardo Da Vinci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasco de Gama was the first explorer to reach India by sailing around Africa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major theme characterizes the Northern Renaissance compared to the Italian Renaissance?

    <p>A more religious nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicolo Machiavelli authored the political treatise titled '_______.

    <p>The Prince</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each individual with their contribution:

    <p>Francisco Petrarch = Father of Humanism Desiderius Erasmus = Christian Humanism Leonardo Bruni = Civic Humanism Michelangelo = Sistine Chapel Ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the 'Columbian Exchange'?

    <p>To facilitate trade of goods, livestock, and cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Henry VIII had a total of six marriages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known as 'The Spider' and ruled France from 1461 to 1483?

    <p>Louis XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baldassare Castiglione wrote '_______.

    <p>The Courtier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these historical figures with their known works or contributions:

    <p>Johannes Gutenberg = Invented the printing press Leonardo Da Vinci = Mona Lisa Michelangelo = David Jan Van Eyck = Netherlandish painting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family was known for being patrons of the arts and education during the Renaissance?

    <p>The Medici</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was still alive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic concept was promoted by Jean Baptiste Colbert in France?

    <p>Mercantilism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflict known as the 'Reconquista' involved the recapture of the Iberian Peninsula from _______.

    <p>Islamic rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief states that faith alone can lead to salvation?

    <p>Sola Fide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erasmus was primarily known for supporting the Catholic Church and its practices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event in 1521 aimed to unite the political and religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire?

    <p>Diet of Worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territories.

    <p>Treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Leonardo Da Vinci use in 'The Mona Lisa' to create shadows and depth?

    <p>Sfumato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each religious movement with its main characteristic:

    <p>Lutheranism = No purgatory, simple Christianity Anabaptism = No infant baptism, church and state separate Calvinism = Belief in predestination Anglicanism = Church of England, divorce permitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baroque art was characterized by emotional detail and ornate designs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document allowed Calvinism to be practiced freely in certain areas of France?

    <p>Edict of Nantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Press revolutionized the mass production of books and improved literacy rates.

    <p>Printing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major criticism of the Catholic Church during the Reformation?

    <p>Indulgences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the Church of England?

    <p>Henry VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Huguenots were primarily Protestant and faced persecution in a Catholic-majority France.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human-centered perspective that emphasizes human potential and achievements is known as __________.

    <p>Humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artwork is famous for its linear perspective and use of a vanishing point?

    <p>The Last Supper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the idea of the 'invisible hand' in economics?

    <p>Adam Smith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catherine II of Russia was known for her efforts to westernize Russia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of Emelian Pugachev's movement?

    <p>To emancipate the serfs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ of Toleration provided religious freedom for Jews and other minorities.

    <p>Edict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosopher with their key work or idea:

    <p>Montesquieu = The Spirit of Laws (1748) Voltaire = Candide (1762) John Locke = Two Treatises on Government (1689) Mary Wollstonecraft = A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to Frederick II of Prussia seizing Silesia?

    <p>War of Austrian Succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deism was a belief that God interfered constantly with daily life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main theme of the Enlightenment?

    <p>Applying rational thinking to societal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rousseau presented the concept of the __________ Will in his political philosophy.

    <p>General</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Partition of Poland?

    <p>Loss of Polish sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the king of France during the Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

    <p>Charles IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Scientific Revolution did not challenge ancient Greek texts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Henry of Navarre initially remained a Huguenot throughout his life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic ideas shifted away from mercantilism during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Supply and demand, invisible hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document did Henry of Navarre create in 1598 to promote religious tolerance?

    <p>Edict of Nantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The period of Catholic reconquest in Spain is known as the ________.

    <p>Reconquista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Revolution led to societal changes such as increased population and improved agricultural practices.

    <p>Agricultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main impact of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

    <p>Calvinism recognized as a legitimate faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their descriptions:

    <p>War of Spanish Succession = Dispute over the Spanish throne Seven Years War = Conflict across multiple theaters in Europe War of Austrian Succession = Prussia seizes Silesia Dutch-Portuguese War = End of Portugal's prominence in east India trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to Oliver Cromwell's rise to power?

    <p>Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spanish Armada successfully invaded England.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule?

    <p>William of Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dutch Republic's government was completely centralized with no provincial authority.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the ________.

    <p>Jesuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system did the Agricultural Revolution replace?

    <p>fallow field system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XVI consolidated power by controlling the _____ in Versailles.

    <p>nobles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a phase in the Thirty Years' War?

    <p>Spanish Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the rulers with their respective achievements or actions:

    <p>Charles I = Executed by Cromwell during the Civil War Oliver Cromwell = Established a military dictatorship William and Mary = Took over during the Glorious Revolution Peter the Great = Westernized Russia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Council of Trent aimed to resolve differences between Catholics and Protestants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the War of Spanish Succession?

    <p>To maintain the balance of power in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the Counter-Reformation?

    <p>Increased Inquisition and root out non-believers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both Protestants and Catholics believed that powerful women were dangerous, often accusing them of being ________.

    <p>witches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Utrecht allowed Philip V to become monarch but prohibited the merging of France and Spain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known for inventing mercantilism?

    <p>Jean Baptiste Colbert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical figures with their contributions:

    <p>Martin Luther = Created Lutheranism and opposed indulgences John Calvin = Developed Calvinism and emphasized predestination Ulrich Zwingli = Promoted Zwinglianism and condemned religious images Henry of Navarre = Created the Edict of Nantes for religious tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The event known as the _____ involved nobles fighting against the monarchy due to taxation issues.

    <p>Fronde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant outcomes of the War of the Three Henrys?

    <p>Henry of Navarre became king of France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Spanish Armada's defeat?

    <p>Protestantism gained momentum across Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on the population?

    <p>It increased the population through higher food outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardinal Richelieu was a supporter of the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Grand Alliance formed during the War of Spanish Succession?

    <p>To counter the power of France under Louis XIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Revolution led to the rise of the cottage industry in England.

    <p>Industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treaties with their details:

    <p>Treaty of Utrecht = Ended the War of Spanish Succession Treaty of the Hague = Created the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV Act of Toleration = Allowed Catholics but restricted them from holding office Act of Succession = Established Church of England members as monarchs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country switched sides during the conflict over Silesia to aid Prussia?

    <p>Russia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    France gained complete control over India following the conflicts with Britain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the conflict between France and Britain in India?

    <p>Control of Madras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a critical document signed during the American Revolution, pledging support to France in case of revolution.

    <p>treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their significance:

    <p>Storming of the Bastille = Symbol of revolution against the monarchy Tennis Court Oath = Formation of the National Assembly Reign of Terror = Period of extreme political radicalism Execution of Louis XVI = End of constitutional monarchy in France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the start of the French Revolution?

    <p>Economic hardship and food shortages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Convention consisted of four parties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the head of the Jacobin party during the French Revolution?

    <p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was the governing body that replaced the National Assembly after the radical phase.

    <p>Directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the treaties with their descriptions:

    <p>Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle = Returned land to Austria after the War of Austrian Succession Treaty of Utrecht = Returned Madras to Britain Treaty of Paris (1763) = Ended the Seven Years War Constitution of 1791 = Main French constitution during the revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant result of the Seven Years War for Britain?

    <p>Gaining of significant territory from France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marie Antoinette was popular among the French populace during the revolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the chief tax in France that burdened the Third Estate?

    <p>Taille</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ declaration established fundamental rights for individuals in France.

    <p>Declaration of the Rights of Man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monarch established the Church of England after his request for a divorce was denied?

    <p>Henry VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary Tudor was known for promoting Protestantism during her reign.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document established freedom of worship for Huguenots in France while maintaining Catholicism as the state religion?

    <p>Edict of Nantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 95 Theses were nailed on the church door in __________ in 1517.

    <p>Wittenberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key figures with their contributions:

    <p>Martin Luther = Wrote the 95 Theses John Wycliffe = Called for renunciation of worldly possessions Henry VIII = Established the Church of England Elizabeth I = Created the Act of Uniformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which art movement emphasizes emotional expression and realism?

    <p>Baroque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Act of Six Articles upholds most Roman Catholic teachings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one aspect of daily life that changed during the Reformation period.

    <p>Religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of __________ refers to a government where monarchs are limited by a set of rules.

    <p>constitutionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the King of Spain married to Queen Mary I of England?

    <p>Phillip II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Renaissance - AP Definition and Origins

    • The Renaissance was a European movement stemming from the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts.
    • Monks gained access to lost Greek and Roman teachings.
    • Arab scholars translated these teachings.
    • The Crusades brought these teachings to Europe.
    • The Renaissance began in Italy due to support from aristocrats and wealthy citizens.
    • This support fostered budding artists and emphasized education.

    Spread of Renaissance Ideas

    • Gutenberg's printing press was invented in the 1440s.
    • The printing press made books cheaper and more efficient.
    • It facilitated quicker information access and rapid idea dissemination.

    Impact of the Renaissance on Europe

    • Education experienced a significant surge.
    • Humanism highlighted the importance of education.
    • Studies like history, logic, morals, and philosophy were emphasized.
    • This challenged the Church's authority and diminished its power and influence.
    • Secular ideas and views about life on Earth increased.

    Renaissance Art

    • Focused on humanism and classical revival.
    • Humanism emphasized the study of Greek and Roman ideas, focusing on human potential.
    • Subject matter shifted beyond exclusively religious scenes.
    • Political, personal, and classical themes emerged, although religious paintings persisted.
    • Naturalism was embraced, depicting the world realistically, unlike symbolic earlier art.
    • The human form became a major focus, with efforts towards accuracy.
    • Art techniques were inspired by Greek and Roman traditions.
    • Geometric perspective and realistic depth were used.
    • Attention to light and shadow was crucial.
    • Contrapposto, depicting subjects in an "S" curve, was employed.

    Renaissance Artists

    • Leonardo da Vinci: Known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
    • Michelangelo: A sculptor, painter, and architect, renowned for the Sistine Chapel Ceiling, The Creation of Adam, and Bacchus.
    • Raphael: Famous for The School of Athens and The Transfiguration.

    Humanism

    • Francisco Petrarch is considered the "Father of Humanism".
    • He emphasized classical Greek and Roman texts.
    • Rediscovered numerous classical texts.
    • Humanism promoted the unlimited potential of human beings.
    • It was a cultural movement originating in Italy.
    • Promoted human achievements and ideas.

    Importance of Education

    • Emphasized classical arts, literature, and science.
    • Used scientific reasoning and approach to understanding.
    • Key humanist beliefs included humans' unlimited potential and the need for education.
    • New studies included rhetoric, history, grammar, logic, morals, and philosophy.
    • The goal was to cultivate virtuous individuals.

    Key Humanist Thinkers

    • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Argued for humans' unlimited potential.
    • Leonardo Bruni: Championed "civic humanism," linking education and civic duty. Wrote "The New Cicero" (1401).
    • Baldassare Castiglione: Detailed the ideal Renaissance man in "The Courtier" (1528). Emphasized skill in humanistic disciplines, strong body and mind.

    Northern Renaissance

    • Distinguished from the Italian Renaissance.
    • Retained Christianity while embracing Renaissance ideals.
    • Writings and artwork centered on religious themes.
    • Art emphasized naturalism and everyday life.

    New Monarchies

    • Monarchs consolidated power through taxation, military expansion, and state religion establishments.
    • England (Tudor dynasty): Established a strong monarchy and broke from the Catholic Church.
    • Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella): Expanded territory and established the Inquisition.
    • France: Recovered from the Hundred Years' War and expanded its territory.

    Age of Exploration

    • Motivated by the "three G's": God, Glory, and Gold.
    • God: Spread Christianity.
    • Glory: Individual recognition for achievements.
    • Gold: Mercantilist pursuit of wealth.

    Mercantilism

    • Belief that mineral wealth is finite, motivating countries to maximize exports over imports.

    Printing Press

    • Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized information dissemination, increasing literacy, aiding the Reformation, and influencing the Enlightenment.

    Maritime Technology

    • Advances like the astrolabe, compass, and caravels supported increased exploration.
    • Astrolabe: Calculated latitude.
    • Compass: Indicated direction.
    • Caravels: Facilitated faster sailing.

    Commercial Revolution

    • Shift towards mercantilism.
    • Significant increase in banking and inflation due to gold and silver circulation.

    Key People and Events - Brief Descriptions

    • The Ottomans: (1453) Islamic empire. Ancient texts' arrival in Italy influenced the start of the Renaissance (?).
    • Francisco Petrarch: (1304-1374) Poet and Italian bureaucrat, crucial in rediscovering classical documents.
    • Johannes Gutenberg: (1400-1468) Inventor of the printing press, revolutionized communication.
    • The Medicis: Wealthy Italian banking family, significant patrons of the arts.
    • Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance artist and engineer.
    • Michelangelo: Renaissance artist, sculptor, painter, and architect.
    • Donatello: Renaissance sculptor.
    • Niccolò Machiavelli: Author of The Prince.
    • Baldassare Castiglione: Author of The Courtier.
    • Desiderius Erasmus: Christian humanist.
    • Jan van Eyck: Northern Renaissance painter.
    • Rembrandt: Dutch painter.

    Key Events - Detailed Descriptions

    • The Northern Renaissance: Expanded the Italian Renaissance, taking on a more religious emphasis and incorporating more realistic representations.
    • The Age of Exploration: European countries sought increased territory, impacting European economics and increasing awareness of other civilizations.

    Key Documents

    • The Courtier: Baldassare Castiglione's guide to exemplary behavior for Renaissance men and women
    • The Prince: Niccolò Machiavelli's analysis of political power.
    • In Praise of Folly: Desiderius Erasmus's satirical critique of human nature and the Church.
    • Treaty of Tordesillas: Pope-mediated agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

    Reformation Unit 2

    Key Terms & Concepts

    • Sola Fide: Belief that faith alone leads to salvation.
    • Protestants: Followers of non-Catholic Christian denominations.
    • Lutheranism: Religious movement initiated by Martin Luther.
    • Zwinglianism: Moderate Protestant Reformation.
    • Anabaptism: Radical Protestant sect emphasizing adult baptism and separation of church and state.
    • Calvinism: Protestant movement emphasizing predestination.
    • Anglicanism: Established in England, retaining many Catholic practices but rejecting papal authority.
    • Huguenots: French Protestants (Calvinists).
    • Simony: Buying or selling of Church offices.
    • Indulgences: Forgiveness of sins through payment; a central criticism of Martin Luther.
    • Jesuits: Religious order dedicated to missionary work and education (Counter-Reformation).
    • Mannerism: Artistic style, following Renaissance, characterized by distorted figures, violet rules of proportion, and suffering (response to Reformation).
    • Baroque: Artistic style marked by emotional expression, detail, drama, and ornamentation (response to Reformation).

    Key People

    • Martin Luther: Initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.
    • Ulrich Zwingli: Key figure in the Swiss Reformation.
    • John Calvin: Developed Calvinism.
    • Henry VIII: Established the Church of England.
    • Anne Boleyn: Second wife of Henry VIII.
    • Mary I: English Queen who restored Catholicism.
    • Elizabeth I: English Queen who promoted tolerance and the Church of England.
    • Catherine de Medici: French queen who ruled for her sons, influencing religious conflicts.
    • William of Orange: Led the Dutch revolt against Spain.
    • Phillip II: King of Spain.
    • Charles IX: French king, involved in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
    • Henry of Navarre: Future King Henry IV of France; crucial in ending French Wars of Religion.
    • Henry of Guise: Key figure in the French Catholic League.
    • Henry III: French king during the French Wars of Religion.
    • Martin Luther: Prominent figure in the Reformation.
    • John Wycliffe: Pre-Reformation reformer.
    • Jan Hus: Pre-Reformation reformer.

    Key Events

    • Diet of Worms: Assembly where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his teachings.
    • Wars of Religion: Series of conflicts primarily in France regarding religious differences (Huguenots).
    • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: Massacres of Huguenots in France.
    • War of the Three Henrys: Conflicts in France over the royal succession.
    • Edict of Nantes: Granted religious tolerance to Huguenots (France).
    • Dutch Revolt (Eighty Years' War): Dutch struggle for independence from Spain
    • Spanish Armada: Spanish naval fleet's failed invasion of England.
    • Counter-Reformation: Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.
    • Council of Trent: Series of Catholic Church meetings addressing Reformation issues.
    • Thirty Years' War: Major European conflict involving religious and political disputes.

    Key Documents

    • 95 Theses: Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church.
    • Act of Supremacy: English law establishing the Church of England.
    • Edict of Nantes: Religious tolerance document in France.

    Overall Themes and Ideas

    • Religious Divisions: The Reformation fueled deep religious divisions in Europe.
    • Political Tensions: Religious conflicts often intertwined with political struggles for power.
    • State Power: Monarchs sought to increase their control over religious affairs.
    • Economic Factors: Religious and political changes disrupted traditional economic structures.

    Unit 3 / 1648-1815

    Key Terms and Concepts

    • Absolutism: Monarchs holding centralized power.
    • Mercantilism: Government-controlled economy favoring exports over imports.
    • Constitutionalism: Restrained monarchy by a constitution or set of rules.
    • Navigation Acts: British laws restricting colonial trade.
    • English Civil War: Conflict between Charles I and Parliament.
    • Dutch Republic: Republic composed of federal and provincial governments.
    • Dutch Golden Age: Period of Dutch economic and cultural flourishing.
    • Stadtholder: Leader of a Dutch province or state.
    • The Fronde: French noble uprising against the monarchy.
    • Versailles: Palace of Louis XIV, centralizing noble power.
    • St. Petersburg: New capital of Russia under Peter the Great.

    Key People

    • James I: English king, struggled with Parliament.
    • Charles I: English king, clashed with Parliament and was executed.
    • Oliver Cromwell: Leader after the English Civil War.
    • Charles II: English king after the Restoration.
    • James II: English king, forced into exile by the Glorious Revolution.
    • William and Mary: Joint rulers after the Glorious Revolution.
    • Louis XIV: Absolute monarch of France.
    • Cardinal Richelieu: French statesman, strengthened the monarchy.
    • Peter the Great: Russian tsar, modernized Russia.
    • Jean-Baptiste Colbert: French financial advisor under Louis XIV.

    Key Events

    • Dutch-Portuguese War: Dutch dominance in East Indies trade.
    • War of Austrian Succession: Conflict over succession to the Austrian throne.
    • War of Spanish Succession: Dispute over the Spanish throne, impacting balance of power.
    • Seven Years' War: Multiple theatres: Europe, India, North America.
    • American Revolution: Colonial revolt against Great Britain.
    • French Revolution: Period of radical social and political change in France.

    Key Ideas

    • Economic Rivalries: Competition between European powers for trade and resources.
    • Royal Power: struggle for power between monarchs and their subjects.
    • Military Developments: Innovations in warfare and military organization.
    • Political Revolutions: Challenges to existing political systems.
    • Social Reform: Developments in ideas of individual rights and governance.

    Unit 4

    Key Terms and Concepts

    • Geocentric model: Earth-centered view of the universe.
    • Heliocentric model: Sun-centered view of the universe.
    • Laws of Planetary Motion: Kepler's description of planetary orbits.
    • Law of Universal Gravitation: Newton's law explaining gravity.
    • Humoral theory: Concept of 4 bodily substances (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile).
    • Galen's theory: Concept of 2 distinct bloods in the body.
    • Empiricism: Knowledge gained through observation and experience.
    • Alchemy: Early attempts to transform base metals into gold.
    • Astrology: Belief that star position influences human life.
    • Intellectual movement: Collective change and development of ideas and ways of thinking.
    • Scientific method: Systematic approach to acquiring knowledge thru observation and experiment to test hypotheses
    • Salon: Elite gathering of enlightened thinkers.
    • Coffee house: Public gathering place for discussions.
    • Deism: Belief in a God who created but doesn't intervene.
    • Natural rights: Fundamental rights inherent to all people.
    • Skepticism: Questioning the validity of knowledge beyond empirically proven facts.
    • Physiocrat: Belief that agriculture is most profitable economic activity.
    • Methodist movement: Religious movement focusing on personal experience and devotion.
    • Childhood: Developing societal concept of childhood as a distinct stage of life.
    • Tenement: Multifamily dwelling.
    • Consumer revolution: Increased consumption of goods.
    • Leisure activities: Expanding range of recreational pursuits.
    • Reading revolution: Wider access to literature.
    • Enlightened absolutism: Absolute monarch ruling in the best interest of their people.
    • Cameralism: Doctrine that monarchy is best form of governance using state power to benefit society.

    Key People

    • Ptolemy: Geocentric model.
    • Copernicus: Heliocentric model.
    • Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion.
    • Galileo: Improved telescope.
    • Isaac Newton: Law of Universal Gravitation.
    • Galen: Humoral theory.
    • William Harvey: Blood circulation.
    • Francis Bacon: Empiricism.
    • René Descartes: Deductive reasoning.
    • Montesquieu: Separation of powers.
    • Voltaire: Social satire, advocate for freedoms.
    • Diderot: Encyclopedia.
    • Thomas Hobbes: Social contract in favor of strong rule
    • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social contract emphasizing popular sovereignty
    • John Locke: Natural rights, social contract emphasizing individual freedom
    • Mary Wollstonecraft: Women's rights advocate.
    • David Hume: Skepticism
    • Adam Smith: Economic theory of "invisible hand"
    • Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot: Laissez-faire economics
    • John Wesley: Methodist movement
    • Nicholas von Zinnendorf: Pietism
    • Frederick II (Prussia): "First servant of the state".
    • Catherine II (Russia): Westernization policies.
    • Joseph II(Austria): Religious tolerance, administrative reforms, and enlightened reforms.
    • Emelian Pugachev: Russian peasant uprising.

    Key Events

    • Scientific Revolution: Shift from ancient to modern scientific methods and reasoning.
    • War of Austrian Succession: Prussian seizure of Silesia.
    • Partition of Poland: Poland divided amongst major European powers.

    Key Documents

    • The Spirit of Laws (Montesquieu): Separation of powers.
    • Candide (Voltaire): Social satire.
    • Encyclopedia (Diderot): Compilation of Enlightenment knowledge.
    • The Leviathan (Hobbes): Favoring strong centralized government
    • Emile (Rousseau): On child-rearing
    • The Social Contract (Rousseau): Social contract
    • Two Treatises of Government (Locke): Natural rights, social contract
    • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft): Women's education and rights.
    • Wealth of Nations (Smith): Critique of mercantilism, promoting free markets.

    Overall Themes and Ideas

    • Scientific Reasoning: Emphasis on observation, experimentation, and reason.
    • Human Rights and Freedoms: Recognition and prioritization of individual rights.
    • Challenges to Authority: Questioning traditional institutions and beliefs.
    • Economic Transformation: Shift away from mercantilism toward free market ideas.

    Unit 5 - Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

    Key Concepts

    • Economic Competition and Conflict: Competition for resources and markets drove conflicts between European powers.
    • Causes of the French Revolution: Economic hardship, social inequality, and political unrest.
    • Phases of the French Revolution: Liberal, radical, and post-radical phases.
    • Reactions to the French Revolution: Responses across Europe to the French revolutionary ideals.

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    Test your knowledge on the key factors that contributed to the Renaissance in Italy, including influential artists and pivotal inventions. Explore concepts like humanism, its figures, and the era's impact on exploration and literacy. Match individuals with their contributions and grasp the essence of Renaissance thought.

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