Renaissance and Reformation

• The Renaissance was a period in European history from around 1300 to 1600
• The Renaissance was characterized by increased wealth through trade and the invention of the printing press

Machiavelli

• Niccolò Machiavelli was a 16th-century Florentine philosopher known for political ideas
• "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy" were published after death.

Leonardo da Vinci

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a painter, inventor, scientist, and engineer
• Da Vinci is considered the quintessential Renaissance man.

Michelangelo

• Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet during the High Renaissance.

The Protestant Reformation

• A religious and political movement in the 16th century challenged the Catholic Church's authority

Indulgences

• Indulgences were documents that helped absolve someone of their sins

Martin Luther

• Martin Luther was a German theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer.

Printing Press

• The printing press is a machine that transfers text and images from movable type to paper using ink
• The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg.

English Reformation

• The English Reformation was a gradual process that began in the 16th century
• This separated the Church of England from the Catholic Church

John Calvin

• John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

King Henry VIII

• King Henry VIII established the Church of England and the Royal Navy.

Council of Trent

• The Council of Trent was a series of meetings held between 1545 and 1563.
• The purpose was to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

Counter Reformation

• The Counter Reformation as a period of Catholic reform in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• It was a response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to make Christianity independent from the Catholic Church.

Calvinism

• Calvinism is a Protestant Christian theological tradition that began in the 16th century.
• It's based on the teachings of John Calvin, a Protestant reformer.

Lutheranism

• Lutheranism is a Christian denomination that originated in the 16th century during the Protestant Reformation.
• It's based on the teachings of Martin Luther.

Gutenberg

• Gutenberg designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe.

95 Theses

• The 95 theses emphasized the Bible as the central religious authority.
• It stated that humans may reach salvation only by faith, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Humanism

• Humanism focuses on the value and potential of humans.
• Art, e.g., Leonardo da Vinci focused on human beauty and emotions.
• Writers like Petrarch encouraged learning from the past.

The Prince

• "The Prince" is a book by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513.
• It advises rulers on how to gain and keep power, even using tricks if needed.

Raphael

• Raphael was an Italian artist from the Renaissance period.
• Some famous pieces include the School of Athens and The Transfiguration.

Donatello

• Donatello was an Italian sculptor from the Renaissance, born in 1386.
• He created realistic sculptures, like his statue of David.

Petrarch

• Petrarch was an Italian poet and scholar from the 1300s.
• He was called the father of humanism because he loved studying ancient Roman and Greek.
• He wrote poems about love, especially Canzoniere, which was about a woman named Laura.

Roman Inquisition

• The Roman Inquisition was a Catholic Church tribunal.
• It prosecuted people accused of heresy or other crimes against Catholic doctrine.

Scientific Revolution

• A period of scientific discoveries (16th–18th century) used experiments and math.

Medieval vs. Renaissance Science

• Medieval science was based on old texts and beliefs.
• Renaissance science used observation and experiments.

Scientific Method

• The scientific method is a step-by-step way to test ideas using experiments and observations.

Galileo Galilei

• Galileo Galilei improved the telescope.
• He helped prove that the Earth moves around the Sun.

Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton discovered gravity and the laws of motion.

Lavoisier

• Lavoisier helped create modern chemistry.
• He discovered how oxygen is important for burning.

Impact of the Printing Press on Europe

• The Scientific Revolution changed how people understood the world.
• The printing press made new ideas and discoveries widely available.
• The printing press and Scientific Revolution sparked the Enlightenment, promoting reason and knowledge.

Key Contributions and Effects of the Scientific Revolution

• Introduction of the scientific method
• Changed understanding of the universe (Copernicus's heliocentric idea)
• Discoveries in physics (Newton's laws)
• Challenged religious beliefs and promoted logical thinking.
• Fostered curiosity and set the stage for future scientific research and technological progress.

Humanism's Role in the Renaissance

• The Scientific Revolution emphasized observation and experimentation.
• It led to discoveries in astronomy, physics, and biology.
• Key developments included the heliocentric model, the telescope, and the laws of motion.
• The scientific method promoted a logical and evidence-based approach.
• Influenced philosophy and religion.

The Renaissance and Its Major Accomplishments

• The Renaissance means "rebirth" and was a cultural revival from the 14th to 16th centuries.
• There was renewed interest in the art and knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Significant changes occurred in art, literature, science, and philosophy.
• Humanism became a key idea, focusing on human potential and achievements.
• The printing press helped share new ideas quickly.
• Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created incredible works.
• Scientists like Copernicus introduced new ideas, such as the heliocentric model.

Impact of the Protestant Reformation in Europe

• The Protestant Reformation broke the Catholic Church's hold on power
• It gave rise to various Protestant denominations.
• It sparked religious wars and conflicts.
• Resulted in changes in politics, culture, and economics.
• Led to greater individualism and a push for reforms.

Explore the Renaissance era (1300-1600) in Europe, marked by wealth through trade and the printing press. Learn about Machiavelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, the Protestant Reformation, indulgences, and Martin Luther.