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Questions and Answers
¿Cómo pueden ser removidos los ministros de la Corte Suprema de Justicia?
¿A qué edad cesan los ministros de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en su cargo?
¿Cuántos miembros conforman el Consejo de la Magistratura?
¿Cuántos representantes del Poder Legislativo forman parte del Consejo de la Magistratura?
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¿Cómo se eligen los abogados que forman parte del Consejo de la Magistratura?
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¿Cuál es el requisito de funcionamiento para las universidades privadas cuyos profesores pueden ser elegidos para el Consejo de la Magistratura?
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¿Qué es necesario para ser miembro del Consejo de la Magistratura?
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¿Cuánto tiempo deben haber ejercido efectivamente la profesión, o desempeñado funciones en la magistratura judicial, o ejercido la cátedra universitaria en materia jurídica, conjunta, separada o alternativamente?
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¿Por cuánto tiempo duran en sus funciones los miembros del Consejo de la Magistratura?
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¿Qué debe presentar el Consejo de la Magistratura para la integración de la Corte Suprema de Justicia?
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¿A quién se elevan las ternas de candidatos para la Corte Suprema de Justicia?
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¿Qué entidad determinará la composición y competencia del Tribunal de Cuentas?
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¿Cómo se regularán las funciones de otras magistraturas judiciales y organismos auxiliares?
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Artículo 264. De los deberes y de las atribuciones
Son deberes y atribuciones del Consejo de la Magistratura:
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¿A quién representa el Ministerio Público ante los órganos jurisdiccionales del Estado?
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¿Quiénes ejercen el Ministerio Público?
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¿Qué tipo de autonomía tiene el Ministerio Público en el cumplimiento de sus funciones?
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¿Cuál es uno de los requisitos para ser Fiscal General del Estado?
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¿Cuántos años de haber ejercido efectivamente la profesión, o funciones en la magistratura judicial, o la cátedra universitaria en materia jurídica conjunta, separada o sucesivamente se requieren para ser Fiscal General del Estado?
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¿Qué inmunidades tiene el Fiscal General del Estado?
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¿Qué debe garantizar el Ministerio Público en su función de defensa de derechos?
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¿Qué tipo de patrimonio defiende el Ministerio Público al ejercer la acción penal pública?
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¿Qué interés adicional defiende el Ministerio Público al promover la acción penal pública?
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¿De quién puede obtener información el Ministerio Público para el mejor cumplimiento de sus funciones?
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¿Cuántos años dura el Fiscal General del Estado en sus funciones?
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¿Quién nombra al Fiscal General del Estado?
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¿Qué incompatibilidades e inmunidades tienen los agentes fiscales?
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¿Ante quién prestará juramento el Fiscal General del Estado?
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¿Quién podrá crear una Policía Judicial, dependiente del Poder Judicial, a fin de colaborar directamente con el Ministerio Público?
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¿A quién corresponde la competencia de la convocatoria y supervisión de las elecciones generales, departamentales y municipales?
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¿Qué cuestiones también están bajo la competencia de la Justicia Electoral?
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¿Qué incluye la competencia de la Justicia Electoral además de las elecciones?
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¿Qué tipo de elecciones están bajo la competencia exclusiva de la Justicia Electoral?
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¿Cómo está integrada la Justicia Electoral según el Artículo 274?
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¿Qué organismo no forma parte de la Justicia Electoral según el Artículo 274?
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¿Cuál es el número correcto de miembros en el Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral?
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¿Qué requisito no es necesario para ser miembro del Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral?
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¿Cuántos años deben haber ejercido efectivamente la profesión de abogado o funciones judiciales los miembros del Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral?
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¿En qué casos pueden ser recurribles ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia las resoluciones del Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral?
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¿Quién es responsable de resolver las resoluciones recurribles del Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral?
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¿Cuál es una de las funciones principales del Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué función no puede tener el Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Cómo es nombrado el Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Cuánto tiempo dura en sus funciones el Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué requisitos debe cumplir el Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué actividad está prohibida para el Defensor del Pueblo durante su mandato?
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¿Qué es una de las funciones principales del Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué tipo de información puede requerir el Defensor del Pueblo a las autoridades?
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¿Qué puede hacer el Defensor del Pueblo ante actos contrarios a los derechos humanos?
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¿Con qué frecuencia debe informar el Defensor del Pueblo de sus gestiones al Congreso?
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¿Qué tipo de informes puede elaborar y divulgar el Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Cómo serán reguladas las funciones del Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué tipo de defensores pueden nombrarse además del Defensor del Pueblo?
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¿Qué función principal ejerce la Contraloría General de la República?
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¿Cuál es el nivel de autonomía que posee la Contraloría General de la República?
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¿Cuántos miembros componen la Contraloría General de la República?
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¿Qué requisitos deben cumplir el Contralor y el Subcontralor de la Contraloría General de la República?
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¿Cuánto tiempo dura el mandato del Contralor y Subcontralor de la Contraloría General de la República?
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¿Cómo son designados el Contralor y el Subcontralor?
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¿Cuántos períodos pueden ser confirmados en el cargo el Contralor y el Subcontralor?
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¿Qué tipo de causa permite la remoción del Contralor o Subcontralor?
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¿Quién debe enviar a la Contraloría la liquidación del presupuesto del año anterior?
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¿En cuánto tiempo debe el Presidente de la República enviar la liquidación del presupuesto a la Contraloría?
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¿Qué debe hacer la Contraloría luego de recibir la liquidación del presupuesto?
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¿Qué bienes están bajo el control y fiscalización del Contralor General de la República?
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¿Qué controla el Contralor en relación con el Presupuesto General de la Nación?
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¿Qué puede fiscalizar el Contralor en las empresas o entidades multinacionales?
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¿Qué puede requerir el Contralor a cualquier persona o entidad pública, mixta o privada que administre bienes del Estado?
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¿Qué tipo de declaraciones juradas recibe el Contralor de los funcionarios públicos?
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¿Cuándo deben los funcionarios públicos presentar declaraciones juradas de bienes?
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¿Qué debe hacer el Contralor si detecta la comisión de un delito en el ejercicio de sus funciones?
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¿Qué inmunidades e incompatibilidades tienen el Contralor y el Subcontralor?
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¿Qué procedimiento se sigue para la remoción del Contralor y del Subcontralor?
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¿Qué tipo de organismo es la Banca Central del Estado?
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¿Qué exclusividad tiene la Banca Central del Estado?
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¿En qué políticas participa la Banca Central del Estado junto a otros organismos técnicos del Estado?
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Artículo 286. De las prohibiciones
Se prohíbe a la Banca Central del Estado:
- acordar créditos, directa o indirectamente, para financiar el gasto público al margen del presupuesto, excepto en ¿Qué casos?
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¿Qué tipo de acuerdos tiene prohibido adoptar la Banca Central del Estado?
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¿Con quiénes no puede operar la Banca Central del Estado?
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¿Quién regula la organización y el funcionamiento de la Banca Central del Estado?
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¿A quiénes debe rendir cuentas la Banca Central del Estado sobre la ejecución de las políticas a su cargo?
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¿Cuánto tiempo puede durar inicialmente el Estado de Excepción declarado por el Congreso o el Poder Ejecutivo?
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¿Qué debe hacer el Congreso si el Poder Ejecutivo declara el Estado de Excepción?
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¿Cuántos días puede prorrogarse el Estado de Excepción por períodos sucesivos?
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¿Qué derechos puede restringir el decreto que declara el Estado de Excepción?
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¿Qué tipo de locales deben ser utilizados para la detención de personas durante el Estado de Excepción?
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¿A quién debe informar el Poder Ejecutivo sobre los detenidos en virtud del Estado de Excepción?
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¿Cuál es la duración máxima de un Estado de Excepción declarado durante el receso parlamentario?
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¿Qué ocurre con el hábeas corpus durante el Estado de Excepción?
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¿Qué se debe incluir en el decreto que declara el Estado de Excepción?
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¿Qué opción tienen las personas indiciadas durante el Estado de Excepción?
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¿Quiénes pueden solicitar la reforma de la Constitución?
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¿Qué porcentaje de votos es necesario para aprobar la declaración de necesidad de la reforma en el Congreso?
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¿Cuál es el plazo que tiene el Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral para convocar elecciones tras la decisión de reforma?
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¿Cuál es la condición máxima para el número de miembros de la Convención Nacional Constituyente?
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¿Qué inmunidades tienen los convencionales elegidos para la Convención Nacional Constituyente?
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¿Quién puede proponer enmiendas a la Constitución después de tres años de su promulgación?
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¿Qué sucede si una enmienda no obtiene la mayoría necesaria en alguna de las Cámaras del Congreso?
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¿Cuál es el siguiente paso después de que una enmienda es aprobada por ambas Cámaras del Congreso?
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¿En qué caso no se podrá promover otra enmienda sobre el mismo tema?
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¿Qué tipo de disposiciones requieren el procedimiento de reforma en lugar del de enmienda?
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¿Qué procedimiento se debe utilizar para disposiciones que afecten la elección de poderes del Estado?
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¿Qué se necesita para que una enmienda sea sancionada y promulgada?
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¿Cuál es el plazo para convocar un referéndum tras la aprobación de una enmienda por ambas Cámaras?
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¿De qué es independiente la Convención Nacional Constituyente?
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¿A qué se limitará la Convención Nacional Constituyente durante sus deliberaciones?
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¿Qué no puede hacer la Convención Nacional Constituyente?
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Study Notes
Composition and Election of the Council of the Magistracy
- The Council of the Magistracy is composed of seven members.
- The Supreme Court of Justice itself designates one member of the Council.
- Two representatives from the Legislative Power are part of the Council.
Selection of Lawyers and University Professor Involvement
- Lawyers who serve on the Council are elected directly by their peers.
- A professor from a private law university is also a member of the Council.
Council of the Judiciary: Requirements and Duration
- Candidates for the Council of the Judiciary must hold a university degree in law.
- Candidates need to have practiced law for a minimum of 10 years to be eligible for the Council.
- Members serve a term of 3 years in the Council of the Judiciary.
Duties and Powers of the Council of the Judiciary
- The Council of the Judiciary is responsible for proposing a shortlist of candidates for the Supreme Court of Justice.
- The Council forwards the shortlisted candidates to the Senate for approval.
Creation of the Court of Accounts
- Article 265 establishes the Court of Accounts as a constitutional entity.
- The law will define the structure and jurisdiction of the Court of Accounts.
Functions of Other Judicial Bodies and Auxiliary Organizations
- The law determines the functions of additional judicial magistrates and auxiliary bodies.
Composition and Functions of the Public Ministry
- The Public Ministry represents society before the state's jurisdictional organs, ensuring that the interests and rights of the public are upheld.
- The Public Ministry is exercised by the Attorney General and fiscal agents, responsible for overseeing legal proceedings and upholding justice.
- The Public Ministry enjoys functional and administrative autonomy, allowing it to operate independently without external interference.
Requirements for the Attorney General
- A prerequisite to become the Attorney General is holding a university degree in law, ensuring a legal foundation for the role.
- A minimum of five years of practical experience in the legal profession is necessary to qualify for the position of Attorney General.
Immunities of the Attorney General
- The Attorney General possesses the same immunities as magistrates of the Judicial Power, providing protection while executing their duties.
Functions of the Public Prosecutor's Office
- Ensures compliance with civil laws.
- Protects respect for constitutional rights and guarantees.
- Responsible for the execution of penalties.
Criminal Action by the Public Prosecutor's Office
- Can initiate criminal action without needing a request from the injured party.
- Does not require authorization from Congress to act; independent in prosecutorial decisions.
Types of Heritage Defended
- Advocates for public and social heritage through public criminal prosecution.
- Balances interests opposing private heritage rights in the context of societal welfare.
Additional Interests Represented
- Defends the economic interest and environmental rights of indigenous peoples.
- Positions against private interests when they conflict with broader societal values.
Information Gathering Authority
- Can collect information from public officials to enhance functional efficiency.
- Engages in data collection from ordinary citizens as well, fostering transparency and accountability.
Election and Duration of the Attorney General
- The Attorney General of the State serves a term of 5 years.
- The appointment of the Attorney General is made by the Executive Power, with the agreement of the Senate.
Agents of the Attorney General
- Agents of the Attorney General are appointed in the same manner as judges, as established by the Constitution.
- Agents of the Attorney General possess the same immunities as members of the Judicial Power.
Oath of Office
- The Attorney General must take their oath before the Senate.
- Agents of the Attorney General take their oath before the Supreme Court of Justice.
Judicial Police
- The creation of a Judicial Police can only be initiated by law.
- The Judicial Police will operate under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Power.
Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral Composition
- Comprised of three members.
Requirements for Membership
- Must be a Paraguayan national.
- Must hold a university degree in law.
- Age requirement of at least thirty-five years.
- Experience in public administration is not required.
Professional Experience Requirement
- Must have practiced law or held judicial functions for a minimum of ten years.
Appealability of Resolutions
- Resolutions are only subject to appeal in cases specified by law.
Authority for Resolving Appeals
- The Supreme Court of Justice is responsible for resolving appealed decisions from the Tribunal.
Key Responsibilities of the Ombudsman
- The main duty of the Ombudsman is to receive and investigate complaints about human rights violations.
- The Ombudsman can request any type of information necessary for their functions from authorities.
Powers of the Ombudsman
- In cases of acts contrary to human rights, the Ombudsman can issue public censure.
- The Ombudsman does not have the power to impose judicial sanctions or initiate judicial proceedings.
Reporting Requirements
- The Ombudsman is required to report annually to the Congress on their activities.
Informing the Public
- The Ombudsman can prepare and disseminate reports on the situation of human rights that require public attention.
- These reports can highlight human rights issues that need to be addressed by the public or authorities.
Types of Defenders
- In addition to the Ombudsman, other types of defenders can be appointed, specifically:
- Defenders at the departmental or municipal level, who are responsible for promoting and defending the rights of citizens within their respective jurisdictions.
Defenders Roles
- Defenders departmental or municipal are public officials, not judicial or international, nor private entities
- Their role is to focus on the rights of citizens at the local or regional level
Important Facts
- Defenders can be located at the departmental or municipal level
- They do not include judicial defenders or prosecutors, international defenders or defenders of private entities
Responsibilities of the General Comptroller of the Republic
- Oversees the economic and financial activities of the State.
- Ensures accuracy and integrity in the management of public funds.
Level of Autonomy
- Possesses functional and administrative autonomy.
- Operates independently from other branches of government to fulfill its mandate.
Composition
- Comprised of one Comptroller and one Sub-Comptroller.
- Structure allows for effective oversight and accountability.
Requirements for Comptroller and Sub-Comptroller
- Must be Paraguayan citizens.
- Minimum age requirement of 30 years.
- Required to hold a degree in Law, Economic Sciences, Administrative Sciences, or Accounting.
Term Duration
- Both the Comptroller and Sub-Comptroller serve a term of five years.
- Terms promote stability and continuity in fiscal oversight.
Control and Oversight of the Comptroller General
- Responsible for overseeing public assets and the State's patrimony, including regional, departmental, and municipal entities.
- Focuses on both the execution and liquidation of the General Budget of the Nation.
Entities Subject to Comptroller Control
- Control extends beyond the State to regional, departmental, municipal entities, and mixed entities.
- Multinational companies are subject to scrutiny, especially regarding their national accounts.
Documentation and Reporting Requirements
- The Comptroller may require documentation and evidence of fiscal and patrimonial management from any public, mixed, or private entity managing State assets.
- Public officials must submit sworn declarations of assets upon assuming and leaving their positions.
Legal Obligations and Action
- In cases of detected crimes during their functions, the Comptroller must report to ordinary justice and the Executive Power.
- Both the Comptroller and the controlled entities are responsible if deficiencies or negligence occur in the execution of their duties.
Additional Powers and Duties
- The Comptroller holds responsibilities as defined by the Constitution and the laws, not limited to those specified by the Supreme Court or Executive Power.
Declaration of State of Exception
- Congress or the Executive can declare a State of Exception during armed conflict or severe internal unrest threatening the Constitution.
- The maximum duration of the State of Exception is sixty days, extendable by up to thirty days with absolute majority approval from both Chambers.
- If declared by the Executive, congressional approval or rejection is required within forty-eight hours.
Executive Authority During State of Exception
- In parliamentary recess, the Executive can issue a State of Exception for up to thirty days, needing congressional validation within eight days.
- The declaration must detail the reasoning, duration, affected territory, and any rights restricted during the State of Exception.
Measures Allowed Under State of Exception
- The Executive can order specific actions: detention of implicated individuals, their relocation, and restrictions on public gatherings and demonstrations.
- Individuals detained may opt to leave the country.
- Immediate reporting of detentions and locations to the Supreme Court for judicial oversight is mandated.
Conditions of Detention
- Detainees must be held in clean locations, distinct from common prisoners, or can be under house arrest.
- Transfers must be to habitable and healthy sites.
Constitutional Protections
- The State of Exception does not interrupt the functioning of state powers, the Constitution, or the right to habeas corpus.
- Congress may revoke the State of Exception by majority vote if the original causes are deemed resolved.
Reporting After State of Exception
- The Executive is required to inform Congress within five days after the State of Exception concludes, detailing actions taken during its enforcement.
Reform of the Constitution
- Constitutional reforms can only be requested after a period of ten years from its promulgation.
- Requests for reform can be made by:
- 25% of legislators from either chamber of Congress
- The President of the Republic
- 30,000 voters with a signed petition.
Approval Process
- Approval for the necessity of a reform requires an absolute majority of two-thirds from the members of each chamber of Congress.
- Once the need for reform is declared, the Electoral Justice Court must call for elections within 180 days, ensuring these elections do not coincide with others.
Constitutional Convention
- The National Constituent Convention cannot have more members than the total number of Congress members.
- Eligibility conditions and incompatibilities for convention members will be defined by law.
- Members of the convention have the same immunities as those in Congress.
Finalization of Reform
- Once the new Constitution is sanctioned by the National Constituent Convention, it is promulgated automatically.
Amendment Process Overview
- Amendments can be proposed three years after the constitution's promulgation.
- Initiatives can come from:
- One-fourth of legislators from either chamber of Congress.
- The President of the Republic.
- A petition signed by thirty thousand voters.
Approval Requirements
- The full text of the amendment must gain absolute majority approval in the originating chamber.
- Following approval, the amendment requires the same treatment in the reviewing chamber.
- If the necessary majority is not met in either chamber, the amendment is rejected and cannot be resubmitted for one year.
Referendum Procedure
- After approval from both chambers, the amendment is sent to the Electoral Court within 180 days for a referendum.
- A positive result from the referendum leads to the amendment being enacted and incorporated into the constitution.
Restrictions on Derogatory Amendments
- If the amendment is derogatory, no new proposals on the same issue can be made for three years.
Special Procedures for Certain Provisions
- The amendment procedure does not apply to:
- Changes affecting the election methods, composition, term durations, or powers of any state authorities.
- Provisions in Chapters I, II, III, and IV of Title II, Part I of the constitution must instead undergo a reform process.
Amendment Process
- Amendments can be proposed three years after the Constitution is enacted.
- Proposals can come from one-fourth of legislators in either Congressional Chamber, the President, or thirty thousand voters via a signed petition.
- The full text of the amendment must receive absolute majority approval in the originating Chamber.
Legislative Approval
- After approval in the first Chamber, the amendment must undergo the same majority vote in the reviewing Chamber.
- If either Chamber fails to achieve the required majority, the amendment is considered rejected and cannot be resubmitted for one year.
Referendum Requirement
- Once approved by both Chambers, the amendment text is sent to the Superior Electoral Justice Tribunal.
- The Tribunal has 180 days to call a referendum on the amendment.
- An affirmative referendum result leads to the amendment being sanctioned and integrated into the Constitution.
Special Conditions
- If the amendment seeks to repeal existing provisions, no new amendment on the same topic can be proposed for three years.
- Amendments affecting election methods, powers of State authorities, or specific sections of the Constitution must follow a reform procedure instead of the amendment process.
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