Questions and Answers
What is Image Classification?
What are Point/Spectral Classifiers used for?
Classifies based on spectral patterns recognized
What improves the accuracy of Neighbourhood/Spatial Classifiers?
Higher accuracy than Spectral Classifiers
What does Feature Space represent?
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What defines Informational Classes?
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What are Spectral Classes?
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What characterizes Unsupervised Classification?
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What is ISODATA?
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What is Supervised Classification?
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What are Training Areas?
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What is a Parametric Signature?
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Describe a Nonparametric Signature.
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What is the Parallelepiped Classifier?
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What does Minimum Distance to Mean calculate?
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What is the Mahalanobis Distance?
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How does Maximum Likelihood function?
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What is Hybrid Classification?
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Study Notes
Image Classification
- Assigns pixels to specific classes or themes based on spectral characteristics.
- Groups similar pixels by analyzing their reflectance patterns across different spectral bands.
Point / Spectral Classifiers
- Classify individual pixels based on recognized spectral patterns.
- Limited in identifying relationships distinguishable to the human eye.
Neighbourhood / Spatial Classifiers
- Utilize both spectral and textural information for classification.
- Provide higher accuracy compared to spectral classifiers.
Feature Space
- Reflectances are plotted as x; y scatter plots.
- Distances between classes in feature space are crucial for distinguishing classes.
Informational Classes
- User-defined classes based on specific interests and objectives.
- Characteristics such as brightness, topography, color, and texture are considered.
Spectral Classes
- Comprised of uniform pixels based on brightness across multiple channels.
- Spectral classes contribute to the formation of informational classes.
Unsupervised Classification
- Minimal user interaction; spectral classes are grouped initially.
- Algorithms like K-Means and ISODATA identify natural groupings.
- Analyst defines the number of classes and separation, reducing human error risks.
- Cannot align with informational classes; requires additional processing.
ISODATA
- An iterative self-organizing data analysis technique for unsupervised classification.
- Pixels are grouped around centroids and reclassified based on new centroid positions.
- Iterations can be limited or terminated upon classification stability.
Supervised Classification
- Operator defines classes during a training process, relying on spectral information.
- Each pixel is assigned to the class it most closely resembles.
- Can identify classification errors but may lack representative training areas.
Training Areas
- Representative sample sites used for comparison against classification algorithms.
- Recommend using over 100 pixels and 5-10 training areas per class.
- Need for uniformity and homogeneity in training areas.
Parametric Signature
- Based on statistical parameters of training areas (min, max, mean).
- Decision Rules include Mahalanobis Distance, Minimum Distance to Mean, and Maximum Likelihood.
Nonparametric Signature
- Based on defined Areas of Interest in feature space.
- Pixels assigned based on their position within the feature space using Parallelepiped decision rules.
Parallelepiped
- Simplistic classifier that assigns pixels to defined classes based on training data.
- Unclassified pixels are labeled as "unknown," leading to potential class overlaps.
Minimum Distance to Mean
- Measures Euclidean distances from training data to cluster centers (mean).
- Pixels assigned to the nearest cluster but may overlook variability, risking overlap.
Mahalanobis Distance
- Accounts for variations among samples by applying a co-variance matrix.
- Estimates distances from the mean while assuming normal distribution; more computation-intensive.
Maximum Likelihood
- Utilizes training data to estimate means and variances for probability assignments.
- Pixels classified in line with the highest probability; assumes equal class probabilities.
Hybrid Classification
- Combines outputs from unsupervised to train supervised classification models.
- An approach to leverage advantages of both classification types for improved accuracy.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of image classification in remote sensing through this set of flashcards. Learn about assigning pixels to classes and the use of spectral classifiers to identify pixel patterns. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their knowledge in this critical area of environmental science.