Relative Permeability in Denormalization Calculations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about the irreducible water saturation (Swir)?

  • It refers to the saturation of the wetting phase.
  • It refers to the saturation of the nonwetting phase.
  • It refers to the saturation of the rock.
  • It refers to the saturation of the water at a specific point. (correct)
  • Which process involves displacement of the wetting phase by the non-wetting phase?

  • Saturation history
  • Drainage process (correct)
  • Relative permeability curve
  • Imbibition process
  • Which of the following is a characteristic of oil-wet systems?

  • The relative permeability to water at maximum water saturation is less than about 0.3.
  • The water saturation at which oil and water permeabilities are equal is generally greater than 50%.
  • The connate water saturation is generally greater than 20%.
  • The relative permeability to water at maximum water saturation is greater than 0.5. (correct)
  • Which correlation uses the effective phase saturation as the correlating parameter?

    <p>Wyllie and Gardner Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to measure relative permeabilities in the lab?

    <p>Steady State Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rock wettability on relative permeabilities?

    <p>It decreases relative permeabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correlations can be used to estimate relative permeabilities?

    <p>Stone, Corey, and NPC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the accurate definition of relative permeability?

    <p>The ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid phase to the absolute permeability of the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating water saturation in a porous media?

    <p>$S_w = rac{V_w}{V_p}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?

    <p>To measure the quantity of water in the core sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darcy's Law, if two or more fluids flow through a porous media, each fluid will flow according to which equation?

    <p>$qw = \frac{{kw \cdot A \cdot \Delta p}},{{\mu \cdot \Delta L}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the relative permeability ($kr$) represent?

    <p>The ratio of the effective permeability to a base permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the wetting phase relative permeability curve show?

    <p>A small saturation of the non-wetting phase drastically reduces the relative permeability of the wetting phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the non-wetting phase relative permeability curve show?

    <p>The non-wetting phase begins to flow at relatively low saturation of the non-wetting phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the water trapped in the pores of a rock during its formation?

    <p>Connate water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for initial oil in-place (N)?

    <p>N = 7758 * A * h * ϕ * (1 - Swi) / Boi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Swi represent in the equation for initial oil in-place?

    <p>Water saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?

    <p>Swir = 7758 * A * h * ϕ * (1 - Swi) / Boi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Swir represent in the equation for irreducible water saturation?

    <p>Irreducible water saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir) in water-wet rock?

    <p>Swir = the layer of adsorbed water coating solid surfaces and the pendular grain contacts and at pore throaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the equation for gas-oil relative permeability using Corey's approximation?

    <p>$k = (1− S_{ro}) * 4 g$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of normalizing and de-normalizing relative permeability data?

    <p>To remove the effect of different initial water and critical oil saturations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?

    <p>$S*w = \frac{S - S_{wc}}{1 - S_{wc}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for normalizing the relative permeability of the water phase?

    <p>$(krw)<em>{Soc} = \frac{kro - (krw)</em>{Soc}}{1 - (krw)_{Soc}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place (N)?

    <p>$N = 7758 * A * h * \phi * (1 - Swi) / Boi$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the water saturation (Sw) in a porous media?

    <p>$Sw = 1 - (N * Boi) / (7758 * A * h * \phi)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of connate water?

    <p>Water trapped in the pores of a rock during its formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of interstitial water?

    <p>Water that occurs naturally within the pores of rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?

    <p>The fraction of pore volume occupied by water in a reservoir at maximum hydrocarbon saturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of irreducible water saturation (Swir)?

    <p>The minimum saturation of water attainable when it is displaced from a porous medium by another immiscible fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation ($S*w$)?

    <p>$S*w = (Sw - Swir) / (1 - Swir - Swc)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?

    <p>To displace the water with oil or gas in a water-saturated sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?

    <p>Drilling fluids and seawater introduced during drilling or other interferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the water entraped in the intertices of the rock at the time of deposition?

    <p>Connate water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place, N?

    <p>$N = 7758 * A * h * \phi * (1 - Swi) / Boi$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the water saturation, Sw?

    <p>$Sw = (1 - Swi) * (1 - Swir)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the irreducible water saturation, Swir?

    <p>$Swir = (1 - Swc) * (1 - Swi)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is connate water?

    <p>Connate water is the water trapped in the pores of a rock during its formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interstitial water?

    <p>Interstitial water is water that occurs naturally within the pores of rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?

    <p>$S*w = Sw / (1 - Swir)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the normalized oil saturation, S*o?

    <p>$S*o = (1 - Sw) / (1 - Swir)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of normalizing fluid saturations?

    <p>Normalizing fluid saturations allows for comparisons between different reservoirs or rock samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest water saturation that can be achieved in a core plug by displacing the water with oil or gas?

    <p>The lowest water saturation that can be achieved in a core plug is the irreducible water saturation, Swir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the centrifuge method in determining fluid saturations?

    <p>The centrifuge method is used to displace water with oil or gas in order to achieve the irreducible water saturation, Swir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Irreducible Water Saturation (Swir)

    • Represents the water trapped in rock pores during formation, unable to be removed by displacement.
    • Formula for Swir: Swir = (Initial water saturation - Residual water saturation).

    Displacement Processes

    • Non-wetting phase displaces wetting phase, a key process in fluid saturation changes.

    Characteristics of Oil-Wet Systems

    • In oil-wet systems, non-wetting phase prefers to occupy larger pore spaces, compared to wetting phase.

    Phase Saturation Correlations

    • Effective phase saturation is used as the parameter in certain correlations for fluid dynamics studies.

    Measuring Relative Permeabilities

    • Common lab methods include steady-state and unsteady-state flow tests to measure relative permeabilities.

    Rock Wettability Effects

    • Rock wettability influences the flow characteristics of fluids; affects relative permeabilities of wetting and non-wetting phases.

    Correlations for Relative Permeabilities

    • Corey’s correlations are often utilized for estimating relative permeabilities of two-phase flow systems.

    Definition of Relative Permeability

    • Relative permeability (kr) quantifies the ability of a phase to flow through a porous medium when other phases are also present.

    Determining Fluid Saturations

    • Techniques such as displacement methods, centrifuge method, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock.

    Water Saturation Formula

    • Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = (Volume of water)/(Total pore volume).

    Centrifugal Method Purpose

    • The centrifugal method is employed to determine fluid saturations by rapidly spinning core samples to separate fluids based on density.

    Factors Affecting Fluid Saturations

    • Factors include core preservation methods, field conditions at the time of extraction, and fluid properties.

    Darcy's Law and Multi-Fluid Flow

    • In multi-fluid flow scenarios, Darcy's Law states that each fluid flows according to its own relative permeability equation.

    Relative Permeability Representation

    • The relative permeability (kr) indicates the effectiveness of a fluid's flow under the influence of other present fluids.

    Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve

    • Displays the relation of wetting phase saturation to the permeability available to the wetting phase.

    Non-Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve

    • Showcases the relationship between non-wetting phase saturation and its permeability through the rock.

    Connate Water Definition

    • Refers to the water that occupies the pores of the rock throughout its formation and cannot be removed by normal pressure changes.

    Interstitial Water Definition

    • Interstitial water is the water found in the void spaces of the rock, typically between grains or particles.

    Initial Oil In-Place Formula

    • Formula: N = (Formation volume factor * Oil volume).

    Normalized Water Saturation Equation

    • Normalized water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = Sw / (1 - Swir).

    Purpose of Normalizing Saturations

    • Normalizing fluid saturations allows for comparison across different conditions and projects by standardizing data.

    Achievable Water Saturation in Core Plugs

    • The lowest achievable water saturation is defined by the irreducible water saturation level constructed from core analysis.

    Importance of Normalizing and De-Normalizing Data

    • It helps in simplifying complex data, allowing for consistent interpretation and analysis across different experiments and conditions.

    Additional Formulas

    • Irreducible water saturation (Swir): Derived based on capillary forces and pore geometry.
    • Normalized oil saturation (S*o) calculation involves oil volume divided by effective pore volume.

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    Description

    This quiz tests your knowledge of relative permeability in the context of denormalization calculations. Explore the average relative permeability of oil and water at connate water and critical oil.

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