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Which of the following is true about the irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
Which of the following is true about the irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
Which process involves displacement of the wetting phase by the non-wetting phase?
Which process involves displacement of the wetting phase by the non-wetting phase?
Which of the following is a characteristic of oil-wet systems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of oil-wet systems?
Which correlation uses the effective phase saturation as the correlating parameter?
Which correlation uses the effective phase saturation as the correlating parameter?
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Which method is commonly used to measure relative permeabilities in the lab?
Which method is commonly used to measure relative permeabilities in the lab?
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What is the effect of rock wettability on relative permeabilities?
What is the effect of rock wettability on relative permeabilities?
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Which correlations can be used to estimate relative permeabilities?
Which correlations can be used to estimate relative permeabilities?
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What is the accurate definition of relative permeability?
What is the accurate definition of relative permeability?
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Which method can be used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock?
Which method can be used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock?
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What is the formula for calculating water saturation in a porous media?
What is the formula for calculating water saturation in a porous media?
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What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?
What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?
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What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?
What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?
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According to Darcy's Law, if two or more fluids flow through a porous media, each fluid will flow according to which equation?
According to Darcy's Law, if two or more fluids flow through a porous media, each fluid will flow according to which equation?
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What does the relative permeability ($kr$) represent?
What does the relative permeability ($kr$) represent?
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What does the wetting phase relative permeability curve show?
What does the wetting phase relative permeability curve show?
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What does the non-wetting phase relative permeability curve show?
What does the non-wetting phase relative permeability curve show?
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Which term refers to the water trapped in the pores of a rock during its formation?
Which term refers to the water trapped in the pores of a rock during its formation?
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What is the formula for initial oil in-place (N)?
What is the formula for initial oil in-place (N)?
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What does Swi represent in the equation for initial oil in-place?
What does Swi represent in the equation for initial oil in-place?
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What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
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What does Swir represent in the equation for irreducible water saturation?
What does Swir represent in the equation for irreducible water saturation?
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What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir) in water-wet rock?
What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir) in water-wet rock?
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According to the text, what is the equation for gas-oil relative permeability using Corey's approximation?
According to the text, what is the equation for gas-oil relative permeability using Corey's approximation?
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What is the purpose of normalizing and de-normalizing relative permeability data?
What is the purpose of normalizing and de-normalizing relative permeability data?
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What is the equation for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?
What is the equation for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?
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What is the equation for normalizing the relative permeability of the water phase?
What is the equation for normalizing the relative permeability of the water phase?
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What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place (N)?
What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place (N)?
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What is the formula for calculating the water saturation (Sw) in a porous media?
What is the formula for calculating the water saturation (Sw) in a porous media?
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What is the definition of connate water?
What is the definition of connate water?
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What is the definition of interstitial water?
What is the definition of interstitial water?
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What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
What is the formula for irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
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What is the definition of irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
What is the definition of irreducible water saturation (Swir)?
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What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation ($S*w$)?
What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation ($S*w$)?
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What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?
What is the purpose of the centrifugal method in determining fluid saturations?
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What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?
What factors can affect the fluid saturations of cores taken from the field?
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Which term refers to the water entraped in the intertices of the rock at the time of deposition?
Which term refers to the water entraped in the intertices of the rock at the time of deposition?
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What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place, N?
What is the formula for calculating the initial oil in-place, N?
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What is the formula for calculating the water saturation, Sw?
What is the formula for calculating the water saturation, Sw?
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What is the formula for calculating the irreducible water saturation, Swir?
What is the formula for calculating the irreducible water saturation, Swir?
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What is connate water?
What is connate water?
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What is interstitial water?
What is interstitial water?
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What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?
What is the formula for calculating the normalized water saturation, S*w?
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What is the formula for calculating the normalized oil saturation, S*o?
What is the formula for calculating the normalized oil saturation, S*o?
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What is the purpose of normalizing fluid saturations?
What is the purpose of normalizing fluid saturations?
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What is the lowest water saturation that can be achieved in a core plug by displacing the water with oil or gas?
What is the lowest water saturation that can be achieved in a core plug by displacing the water with oil or gas?
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What is the purpose of the centrifuge method in determining fluid saturations?
What is the purpose of the centrifuge method in determining fluid saturations?
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Study Notes
Irreducible Water Saturation (Swir)
- Represents the water trapped in rock pores during formation, unable to be removed by displacement.
- Formula for Swir: Swir = (Initial water saturation - Residual water saturation).
Displacement Processes
- Non-wetting phase displaces wetting phase, a key process in fluid saturation changes.
Characteristics of Oil-Wet Systems
- In oil-wet systems, non-wetting phase prefers to occupy larger pore spaces, compared to wetting phase.
Phase Saturation Correlations
- Effective phase saturation is used as the parameter in certain correlations for fluid dynamics studies.
Measuring Relative Permeabilities
- Common lab methods include steady-state and unsteady-state flow tests to measure relative permeabilities.
Rock Wettability Effects
- Rock wettability influences the flow characteristics of fluids; affects relative permeabilities of wetting and non-wetting phases.
Correlations for Relative Permeabilities
- Corey’s correlations are often utilized for estimating relative permeabilities of two-phase flow systems.
Definition of Relative Permeability
- Relative permeability (kr) quantifies the ability of a phase to flow through a porous medium when other phases are also present.
Determining Fluid Saturations
- Techniques such as displacement methods, centrifuge method, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock.
Water Saturation Formula
- Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = (Volume of water)/(Total pore volume).
Centrifugal Method Purpose
- The centrifugal method is employed to determine fluid saturations by rapidly spinning core samples to separate fluids based on density.
Factors Affecting Fluid Saturations
- Factors include core preservation methods, field conditions at the time of extraction, and fluid properties.
Darcy's Law and Multi-Fluid Flow
- In multi-fluid flow scenarios, Darcy's Law states that each fluid flows according to its own relative permeability equation.
Relative Permeability Representation
- The relative permeability (kr) indicates the effectiveness of a fluid's flow under the influence of other present fluids.
Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve
- Displays the relation of wetting phase saturation to the permeability available to the wetting phase.
Non-Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve
- Showcases the relationship between non-wetting phase saturation and its permeability through the rock.
Connate Water Definition
- Refers to the water that occupies the pores of the rock throughout its formation and cannot be removed by normal pressure changes.
Interstitial Water Definition
- Interstitial water is the water found in the void spaces of the rock, typically between grains or particles.
Initial Oil In-Place Formula
- Formula: N = (Formation volume factor * Oil volume).
Normalized Water Saturation Equation
- Normalized water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = Sw / (1 - Swir).
Purpose of Normalizing Saturations
- Normalizing fluid saturations allows for comparison across different conditions and projects by standardizing data.
Achievable Water Saturation in Core Plugs
- The lowest achievable water saturation is defined by the irreducible water saturation level constructed from core analysis.
Importance of Normalizing and De-Normalizing Data
- It helps in simplifying complex data, allowing for consistent interpretation and analysis across different experiments and conditions.
Additional Formulas
- Irreducible water saturation (Swir): Derived based on capillary forces and pore geometry.
- Normalized oil saturation (S*o) calculation involves oil volume divided by effective pore volume.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge of relative permeability in the context of denormalization calculations. Explore the average relative permeability of oil and water at connate water and critical oil.