Relative Permeability in Denormalization Calculations Quiz

Irreducible Water Saturation (Swir)

• Represents the water trapped in rock pores during formation, unable to be removed by displacement.
• Formula for Swir: Swir = (Initial water saturation - Residual water saturation).

Displacement Processes

• Non-wetting phase displaces wetting phase, a key process in fluid saturation changes.

Characteristics of Oil-Wet Systems

• In oil-wet systems, non-wetting phase prefers to occupy larger pore spaces, compared to wetting phase.

Phase Saturation Correlations

• Effective phase saturation is used as the parameter in certain correlations for fluid dynamics studies.

Measuring Relative Permeabilities

• Common lab methods include steady-state and unsteady-state flow tests to measure relative permeabilities.

Rock Wettability Effects

• Rock wettability influences the flow characteristics of fluids; affects relative permeabilities of wetting and non-wetting phases.

Correlations for Relative Permeabilities

• Corey’s correlations are often utilized for estimating relative permeabilities of two-phase flow systems.

Definition of Relative Permeability

• Relative permeability (kr) quantifies the ability of a phase to flow through a porous medium when other phases are also present.

Determining Fluid Saturations

• Techniques such as displacement methods, centrifuge method, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to determine fluid saturations in porous rock.

Water Saturation Formula

• Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = (Volume of water)/(Total pore volume).

Centrifugal Method Purpose

• The centrifugal method is employed to determine fluid saturations by rapidly spinning core samples to separate fluids based on density.

Factors Affecting Fluid Saturations

• Factors include core preservation methods, field conditions at the time of extraction, and fluid properties.

Darcy's Law and Multi-Fluid Flow

• In multi-fluid flow scenarios, Darcy's Law states that each fluid flows according to its own relative permeability equation.

Relative Permeability Representation

• The relative permeability (kr) indicates the effectiveness of a fluid's flow under the influence of other present fluids.

Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve

• Displays the relation of wetting phase saturation to the permeability available to the wetting phase.

Non-Wetting Phase Relative Permeability Curve

• Showcases the relationship between non-wetting phase saturation and its permeability through the rock.

Connate Water Definition

• Refers to the water that occupies the pores of the rock throughout its formation and cannot be removed by normal pressure changes.

Interstitial Water Definition

• Interstitial water is the water found in the void spaces of the rock, typically between grains or particles.

Initial Oil In-Place Formula

• Formula: N = (Formation volume factor * Oil volume).

Normalized Water Saturation Equation

• Normalized water saturation (Sw) can be calculated as: Sw = Sw / (1 - Swir).

Purpose of Normalizing Saturations

• Normalizing fluid saturations allows for comparison across different conditions and projects by standardizing data.

Achievable Water Saturation in Core Plugs

• The lowest achievable water saturation is defined by the irreducible water saturation level constructed from core analysis.

Importance of Normalizing and De-Normalizing Data

• It helps in simplifying complex data, allowing for consistent interpretation and analysis across different experiments and conditions.

Additional Formulas

• Irreducible water saturation (Swir): Derived based on capillary forces and pore geometry.
• Normalized oil saturation (S*o) calculation involves oil volume divided by effective pore volume.

This quiz tests your knowledge of relative permeability in the context of denormalization calculations. Explore the average relative permeability of oil and water at connate water and critical oil.