Reinforced Concrete Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum cover for wall panels using 32 mm bars?

  • 40 mm
  • 30 mm
  • 20 mm (correct)
  • 10 mm

    • Which of the following reinforcement types must not be welded for assembly unless authorized?

  • Cross bars (correct)
  • Spirals
  • Stirrups
  • Ties

    • What is the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer?

  • 25 mm or db (correct)
  • 15 mm or 20 mm
  • db or 15 mm
  • db or 40 mm

    • What is the maximum allowable spacing for the main bars in a reinforced concrete structure?

    <p>3t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum cover for slabs using 32 mm reinforcement when not exposed to weather?

    <p>15 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bar requires a cover of 30 mm when concrete is exposed to earth or weather?

    <p>16 mm bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a one-way slab, where is the shrinkage reinforcement typically placed?

    <p>Perpendicular to the principal reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable cover for primary reinforcement in beams and columns?

    <p>40 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does a concrete topping serve on a slab?

    <p>To form a high-quality floor surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a continuous slab from a simply supported slab?

    <p>Continuous slabs extend over three or more supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For folded plate members using 20 mm bars, what is the required cover?

    <p>10 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about flat plates in reinforced concrete?

    <p>They are suitable for short to medium spans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What spacing requirement applies to ties, stirrups, and spirals?

    <p>Not less than 10 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an expansion joint in concrete structures?

    <p>To permit relative movement due to temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for governing the thickness of a flat plate in construction?

    <p>Shear forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bonding layer in concrete construction?

    <p>To improve adhesion between surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum diameter requirement for spiral reinforcement in cast-in-place construction?

    <p>10 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowed clear spacing between spirals in reinforcement?

    <p>75 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many extra turns of spiral bar or wire are required for anchorage of spiral reinforcement?

    <p>1 ½ turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of splices are allowed for spiral reinforcement?

    <p>Lap splices only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For longitudinal bars of size 32 mm or smaller, what should be the minimum size of lateral ties?

    <p>10 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum required length for lap splices in spiral reinforcement?

    <p>300 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done where beams or brackets do not frame into all sides of a column?

    <p>Ties must extend above the termination of spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum vertical spacing allowed for lateral ties?

    <p>16 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What configuration characterizes a two-way slab?

    <p>Reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with edge beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a slab considered one-way?

    <p>When S/L is less than 0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding hollow-core slabs?

    <p>Appropriate for uniformly distributed loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape characteristic of a double tee slab?

    <p>Broad cross section resembling capital letter TT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following slabs is identified as having a broad T-shaped section?

    <p>Single Tee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of foundation engineering?

    <p>Ensuring stable foundations using knowledge of soil mechanics and geology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an inverted tee?

    <p>A pre-stressed concrete beam shaped like an inverted capital T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about L-beams is accurate?

    <p>They have a shape characterized by a vertical and horizontal member</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a rectangular combined footing?

    <p>To support and transmit the load from two columns to the ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trapezoidal combined footing typically used for?

    <p>To support loads of unequal magnitudes between columns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a pile foundation?

    <p>To transfer excess load to a deeper, more stable soil layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a footing tie beam enhance a foundation's stability?

    <p>By connecting two or more columns and providing additional rigidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an end bearing pile from other types of piles?

    <p>It depends mainly on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a grade beam?

    <p>A reinforced concrete beam supporting a bearing wall at ground level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context would a continuous footing be utilized?

    <p>To support a single wall or a row of columns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a strip footing?

    <p>It is a continuous spread footing for foundation walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum concrete protective covering required for reinforcing steel in columns?

    <p>40 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stirrups is required for rectangular beams without flanges?

    <p>Closed stirrups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should vertical bars of columns be spliced for optimal performance?

    <p>Preferably at the middle half of the column height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of staggered vertical bars in a column?

    <p>To improve load distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stirrups may be used for tee beams with flanges on both sides?

    <p>U stirrups placed alternating upright and inverted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum spacing for lateral ties in a column schedule?

    <p>Maximum spacing is shown in the schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the separation of lap splices located at different levels in a column?

    <p>No more than alternate bars can be spliced at any one level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of loads are considered live loads?

    <p>Movable loads such as people and furniture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reinforced Concrete

    • Reinforced concrete is concrete with embedded steel reinforcement, working together to resist forces.
    • Plain concrete does not have reinforcement, only for shrinkage and thermal stresses.
    • Ferrocement is a cement mortar over wire mesh, pre-shaped for a mold.
    • Cast-in-place concrete is deposited where needed and hardens in place.
    • Reinforcement includes steel bars, strands, or wires designed for tensile, shear, or compressive stresses.
    • Deformed bars have surface deformations for greater bond with concrete.
    • Tension reinforcement resists tensile stresses.
    • Compression reinforcement resists compressive stresses.
    • Balanced section concrete has both tension and compression reinforcement reach their yield strengths simultaneously.
    • Over-reinforced section concrete has compression reaching its ultimate strain before tension reinforcement.
    • Under-reinforced section concrete has tension reinforcement reaching yield strength before compression.

    Beams

    • Beams are rigid structural members transferring transverse loads.
    • Simple beams are supported only at their ends.
    • Semi-continuous beams have two spans, potentially restrained at ends.
    • Cantilever beams are supported at one end and extend beyond.
    • Continuous beams rest on more than two supports.
    • T-beams are integral slab and beam units, with slab acting as flanges.
    • Reinforced concrete beams resist applied forces using longitudinal and web reinforcement.

    Beam Nomenclature

    • Effective depth is the distance from compression to tension reinforcement centroid.
    • Bar spacing is the center-to-center distance of parallel bars.
    • Span of supports is the distance between supporting members.
    • Concrete cover protects reinforcement from fire and corrosion.
    • Bond is the adhesion between concrete and reinforcing bar.
    • Bond stress is the adhesive force per unit area of contact.
    • Development length is the embedded reinforcement needed for design strength.

    Columns

    • Columns are concrete members with vertical and lateral reinforcement, resisting forces.
    • Short columns have height less than 10 times the smallest dimension.
    • Long columns have height greater than 10 times the smallest dimension.
    • Tied columns have vertical reinforcing bars and individual lateral ties.
    • Spiral columns have spiral reinforcement enclosing a circular core.
    • Lateral reinforcement (ties or spirals) restrains vertical reinforcement and prevents buckling.
    • Bundled reinforcement ties together multiple bars as a unit.

    Slabs

    • Slabs are planar, reinforced concrete structures supporting loads.
    • One-way slabs are reinforced one direction, supported by beams.
    • Two-way slabs are reinforced two directions, with supporting edge beams.
    • Beam-and-girder slabs use secondary beams on primary beams/girders.
    • Continuous slabs extend over multiple supports.
    • Flat plate slabs are directly supported by columns without extra beams.
    • Flat slab is the flat plate thickened at column supports.
    • Waffle slab has ribs in two directions increasing load-bearing capacity.

    Foundations

    • Foundations transfer building loads to underlying soil/rock.
    • Shallow foundations are placed near the surface for stable soil.
    • Deep foundations extend below unsuitable soil to reach stable soil.
    • Footings distribute loads across large soil areas.
    • Tie beams distribute horizontal forces across footings.
    • Pile foundations use piles for load transfer to deeper strata.
    • End-bearing piles resist load with soil beneath the pile base.
    • Friction piles are supported by frictional resistance of soil around the pile shaft.

    Slope Protection

    • Slopes need protection against erosion by surface runoff.
    • Riprap is a layer of irregularly broken stones to prevent erosion.
    • Gabions are galvanized/PVC wire baskets filled with stones, used for retaining or riprap.
    • Soil binders are plant materials inhibiting erosion with dense root systems.

    Retaining Walls

    • Retaining walls hold back soil or rock due to elevation changes.
    • Gravity walls rely on weight to resist overturning and sliding.
    • Cantilevered walls use reinforcement for support on top.
    • Counterfort walls use triangular supports (counterforts) added to increase stability.
    • Tiebacks support retaining walls by drilling anchors into soil.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of reinforced concrete, including its components, types, and structural behaviors. Learn about the differences between plain concrete and reinforced variants, as well as the roles of various reinforcements. Test your knowledge on materials and their behaviors under various stresses.

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