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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?
What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?
- To regulate the body's temperature
- To increase PaCO2 levels
- To decrease PaO2 levels
- To maintain normal ABGs (Homeostasis of O2, CO2, H+) (correct)
Which factor does not affect the controller or feedback systems of breathing?
Which factor does not affect the controller or feedback systems of breathing?
- H+ levels
- PaCO2 levels
- PH levels
- PaO2 levels above 60 mmHg (correct)
Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain stem?
Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain stem?
- Mid-brain only
- Mid-brain + Pons + Medulla oblongata (correct)
- Pons only
- Medulla oblongata only
Which collection of neurons is responsible for inspiratory function?
Which collection of neurons is responsible for inspiratory function?
Which nerves transmit signals to the diaphragm for contraction?
Which nerves transmit signals to the diaphragm for contraction?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing control?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing control?
What happens to ventilation when PaO2 is increased above 60?
What happens to ventilation when PaO2 is increased above 60?
What is the expected effect on ventilation if PaCO2 exceeds 40?
What is the expected effect on ventilation if PaCO2 exceeds 40?
What happens to PaCO2 levels if ventilation decreases?
What happens to PaCO2 levels if ventilation decreases?
What contributes to activating the phrenic neurons for ventilation?
What contributes to activating the phrenic neurons for ventilation?
How does CO2 affect the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?
How does CO2 affect the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?
What is the outcome of an increase in H+ levels due to acidosis?
What is the outcome of an increase in H+ levels due to acidosis?
What is the main function of the Pneumotaxic center located in the upper 1/3 of the pons?
What is the main function of the Pneumotaxic center located in the upper 1/3 of the pons?
What is the role of the Apneustic center located in the lower 1/3 of the pons?
What is the role of the Apneustic center located in the lower 1/3 of the pons?
What activates the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?
What activates the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?
Where are the carotid bodies located and what do they sense?
Where are the carotid bodies located and what do they sense?
What is hyper ventilation and when does it occur?
What is hyper ventilation and when does it occur?
How can PAO2 be increased above 150?
How can PAO2 be increased above 150?
How does the Apneustic center in the lower 1/3 of the pons affect the Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus (DRN)?
How does the Apneustic center in the lower 1/3 of the pons affect the Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus (DRN)?
What is the role of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?
What is the role of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?
Why is the carotid body considered more important than the aortic body?
Why is the carotid body considered more important than the aortic body?
What is the primary function of the Pneumotaxic center in the upper 1/3 of the pons?
What is the primary function of the Pneumotaxic center in the upper 1/3 of the pons?
Why is diaphragm contraction considered voluntary?
Why is diaphragm contraction considered voluntary?
How does hyper ventilation affect PAO2 levels?
How does hyper ventilation affect PAO2 levels?
What happens when there is acidosis (↑H+) in relation to breathing control?
What happens when there is acidosis (↑H+) in relation to breathing control?
Which feedback mechanism involves signals from lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?
Which feedback mechanism involves signals from lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?
What happens to ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?
What happens to ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?
What is the effect on ventilation when PaCO2 exceeds 40?
What is the effect on ventilation when PaCO2 exceeds 40?
What triggers the activation of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?
What triggers the activation of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?
If someone holds their breath, what is the initial response in terms of ventilation?
If someone holds their breath, what is the initial response in terms of ventilation?
What is the outcome if ventilation decreases?
What is the outcome if ventilation decreases?
Under what condition does CO2 cross the blood-brain barrier?
Under what condition does CO2 cross the blood-brain barrier?
Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in the brain's regulation of breathing?
Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in the brain's regulation of breathing?
What is the primary response when PaCO2 levels increase above 40?
What is the primary response when PaCO2 levels increase above 40?
Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?
Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?
What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?
What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?
What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?
What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?
Which part of the brain stem consists of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
Which part of the brain stem consists of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
What collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions?
What collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions?
What is the primary role of spinal nerves (C3-C5) in breathing control?
What is the primary role of spinal nerves (C3-C5) in breathing control?
Which factor does NOT impact the controller or feedback systems related to breathing?
Which factor does NOT impact the controller or feedback systems related to breathing?
What is the outcome of a decrease in H+ (H ion) levels in the body?
What is the outcome of a decrease in H+ (H ion) levels in the body?
How does the brain stem contribute to controlling respiration?
How does the brain stem contribute to controlling respiration?
What is the primary purpose of controlling breathing?
What is the primary purpose of controlling breathing?
What happens if PaO2 levels are above 60 mmHg?
What happens if PaO2 levels are above 60 mmHg?
Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located within the medulla oblongata?
Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located within the medulla oblongata?
Which part of the brain stem consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
Which part of the brain stem consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
What characterizes the nature of the feedback system in breathing control?
What characterizes the nature of the feedback system in breathing control?
Which collection of neurons is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions within the medulla oblongata?
Which collection of neurons is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions within the medulla oblongata?
What happens to the ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?
What happens to the ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?
Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?
Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?
What happens to CO2 levels when alveolar ventilation is increased?
What happens to CO2 levels when alveolar ventilation is increased?
What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?
What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?
Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in brain regulation?
Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in brain regulation?
What is the primary function of H+ in the chemo-sensitive area of the medulla?
What is the primary function of H+ in the chemo-sensitive area of the medulla?
How can you increase PAO2 above 150?
How can you increase PAO2 above 150?
Which center in the medulla is sensitive to changes in [H+] and triggers the activation of DRN for increased ventilation?
Which center in the medulla is sensitive to changes in [H+] and triggers the activation of DRN for increased ventilation?
What does hyper ventilation aim to achieve in terms of the composition of air in the alveoli?
What does hyper ventilation aim to achieve in terms of the composition of air in the alveoli?
Which feedback mechanism involves signals from the lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?
Which feedback mechanism involves signals from the lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?
What happens in the medulla when there is acidosis (↑H+), leading to increased ventilation?
What happens in the medulla when there is acidosis (↑H+), leading to increased ventilation?
What is the role of aortic bodies and carotid bodies in regulating PaO2 levels?
What is the role of aortic bodies and carotid bodies in regulating PaO2 levels?
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