Sheet 9 Physiology

What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?

To maintain normal ABGs (Homeostasis of O2, CO2, H+)

Which factor does not affect the controller or feedback systems of breathing?

PaO2 levels above 60 mmHg

Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain stem?

Mid-brain + Pons + Medulla oblongata

Which collection of neurons is responsible for inspiratory function?

DRN (Dorsal Respiratory Neurons) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves transmit signals to the diaphragm for contraction?

(C3-C5) Spinal Nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing control?

Transmit signals to the diaphragm for contraction Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ventilation when PaO2 is increased above 60?

It will not be affected Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected effect on ventilation if PaCO2 exceeds 40?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to PaCO2 levels if ventilation decreases?

Increase Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to activating the phrenic neurons for ventilation?

Increased CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

How does CO2 affect the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?

Activates DRN Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of an increase in H+ levels due to acidosis?

Activation of phrenic neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Pneumotaxic center located in the upper 1/3 of the pons?

Switches off DRN Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Apneustic center located in the lower 1/3 of the pons?

Switches on DRN Signup and view all the answers

What activates the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?

Acidosis (↑H+) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the carotid bodies located and what do they sense?

Carotid artery, sense PaO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is hyper ventilation and when does it occur?

Trying to match alveolar air composition with outside air Signup and view all the answers

How can PAO2 be increased above 150?

Increase ventilation so that O2 intake exceeds uptake Signup and view all the answers

How does the Apneustic center in the lower 1/3 of the pons affect the Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus (DRN)?

It switches on DRN Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?

Senses changes in H+ and adjusts breathing accordingly Signup and view all the answers

Why is the carotid body considered more important than the aortic body?

Because it sends impulses to DRN about PaO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Pneumotaxic center in the upper 1/3 of the pons?

To switch off DRN Signup and view all the answers

Why is diaphragm contraction considered voluntary?

Due to signals from periphery affecting DRN Signup and view all the answers

How does hyper ventilation affect PAO2 levels?

Raises PAO2 above 150 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is acidosis (↑H+) in relation to breathing control?

[H+] increases, activating DRN and increasing ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism involves signals from lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?

[Periphery] modulation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?

Ventilation remains unaffected Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on ventilation when PaCO2 exceeds 40?

Hyperventilation occurs to wash out CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?

Increased H+ concentration due to acidosis Signup and view all the answers

If someone holds their breath, what is the initial response in terms of ventilation?

Ventilation stops briefly Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if ventilation decreases?

Increased H+ concentration Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does CO2 cross the blood-brain barrier?

During hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in the brain's regulation of breathing?

$H^+$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response when PaCO2 levels increase above 40?

Hypercapnia leads to hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?

To reduce CO2 levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?

Increased H+ concentration (acidosis) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?

To maintain normal ABGs and homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain stem consists of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

Brain stem Signup and view all the answers

What collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions?

Ventral respiratory neurons (VRN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of spinal nerves (C3-C5) in breathing control?

Transmitting signals to the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT impact the controller or feedback systems related to breathing?

Decreased PaCO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a decrease in H+ (H ion) levels in the body?

Increased ventilation Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain stem contribute to controlling respiration?

By coordinating mid-brain and pons functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of controlling breathing?

Maintenance of ABGs (O2, CO2, H+) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if PaO2 levels are above 60 mmHg?

No effect on the respiratory centers Signup and view all the answers

Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located within the medulla oblongata?

Dorsally and ventrally Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain stem consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the nature of the feedback system in breathing control?

Increase in H+ levels Signup and view all the answers

Which collection of neurons is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions within the medulla oblongata?

Ventral respiratory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?

No effect on ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?

To wash out excess CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to CO2 levels when alveolar ventilation is increased?

CO2 levels decrease until 0 Signup and view all the answers

What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?

Increased PaCO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in brain regulation?

H+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of H+ in the chemo-sensitive area of the medulla?

Activating DRN Signup and view all the answers

How can you increase PAO2 above 150?

Increase O2 uptake from alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which center in the medulla is sensitive to changes in [H+] and triggers the activation of DRN for increased ventilation?

Chemo-sensitive area Signup and view all the answers

What does hyper ventilation aim to achieve in terms of the composition of air in the alveoli?

Increase PAO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism involves signals from the lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?

Periphery to Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus (DRN) Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the medulla when there is acidosis (↑H+), leading to increased ventilation?

Activation of chemo-sensitive area Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aortic bodies and carotid bodies in regulating PaO2 levels?

Acting as sensory organs for detecting PaO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Sheet 9 Physiology

Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?

Which factor does not affect the controller or feedback systems of breathing?

Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain stem?

Which collection of neurons is responsible for inspiratory function?

Which nerves transmit signals to the diaphragm for contraction?

What is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing control?

What happens to ventilation when PaO2 is increased above 60?

What is the expected effect on ventilation if PaCO2 exceeds 40?

What happens to PaCO2 levels if ventilation decreases?

What contributes to activating the phrenic neurons for ventilation?

How does CO2 affect the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?

What is the outcome of an increase in H+ levels due to acidosis?

What is the main function of the Pneumotaxic center located in the upper 1/3 of the pons?

What is the role of the Apneustic center located in the lower 1/3 of the pons?

What activates the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?

Where are the carotid bodies located and what do they sense?

What is hyper ventilation and when does it occur?

How can PAO2 be increased above 150?

How does the Apneustic center in the lower 1/3 of the pons affect the Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus (DRN)?

What is the role of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla?

Why is the carotid body considered more important than the aortic body?

What is the primary function of the Pneumotaxic center in the upper 1/3 of the pons?

Why is diaphragm contraction considered voluntary?

How does hyper ventilation affect PAO2 levels?

What happens when there is acidosis (↑H+) in relation to breathing control?

Which feedback mechanism involves signals from lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?

What happens to ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?

What is the effect on ventilation when PaCO2 exceeds 40?

What triggers the activation of the chemo-sensitive area in the medulla responsible for regulating breathing?

If someone holds their breath, what is the initial response in terms of ventilation?

What is the outcome if ventilation decreases?

Under what condition does CO2 cross the blood-brain barrier?

Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in the brain's regulation of breathing?

What is the primary response when PaCO2 levels increase above 40?

Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?

What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?

What is the main purpose of controlling breathing?

Which part of the brain stem consists of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

What collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions?

What is the primary role of spinal nerves (C3-C5) in breathing control?

Which factor does NOT impact the controller or feedback systems related to breathing?

What is the outcome of a decrease in H+ (H ion) levels in the body?

How does the brain stem contribute to controlling respiration?

What is the primary purpose of controlling breathing?

What happens if PaO2 levels are above 60 mmHg?

Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located within the medulla oblongata?

Which part of the brain stem consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata?

What characterizes the nature of the feedback system in breathing control?

Which collection of neurons is responsible for both inspiratory and expiratory functions within the medulla oblongata?

What happens to the ventilation if PaO2 is increased above 60?

Why does PaCO2 becoming more than 40 lead to hyperventilation?

What happens to CO2 levels when alveolar ventilation is increased?

What drives the negative feedback mechanism for ventilation?

Which molecule indirectly facilitates CO2 crossing membranes in brain regulation?

What is the primary function of H+ in the chemo-sensitive area of the medulla?

How can you increase PAO2 above 150?

Which center in the medulla is sensitive to changes in [H+] and triggers the activation of DRN for increased ventilation?

What does hyper ventilation aim to achieve in terms of the composition of air in the alveoli?

Which feedback mechanism involves signals from the lung and arterial systems acting on DRN?

What happens in the medulla when there is acidosis (↑H+), leading to increased ventilation?

What is the role of aortic bodies and carotid bodies in regulating PaO2 levels?

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