Adrenocortico hormones

ACTH = Stimulates the transfer of stored cholesterol to the mitochondria CRH = Drives the nocturnal peak of ACTH secretion Glucocorticoids = Inhibits the release of ACTH through negative feedback Cholesterol desmolase = Converts cholesterol into pregnenolone

Hypothalamus = Regulates the 'internal clock' and drives the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion Pituitary gland = Secretes ACTH in response to CRH Adrenal gland = Produces glucocorticoids in response to ACTH Cortex = Regulates the sleep-wake cycle

Diurnal pattern = Peak secretion occurs just before awakening Pulsatile pattern = Average of 10 secretory bursts over 24 hours Negative feedback = Inhibits the release of ACTH Circadian rhythm = Regulated by the 'internal clock'

<p>Stimulation of cholesterol desmolase = Converts cholesterol into pregnenolone Transfer of stored cholesterol to the mitochondria = Increases glucocorticoid secretion Inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion = Not a direct effect of ACTH Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle = Not a direct effect of ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mineralocorticoids = influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism Glucocorticoids = important effects on sodium and potassium balance Sex hormones = contribute to secondary sex characteristics Adrenocortical hormones = influence reproductive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroids = hormones synthesized from cholesterol Cholesterol desmolase = rate-limiting step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones Adrenocortical hormones = secreted by adrenal cortex ACTH stimulation = anxiety-inducing stress task</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol desmolase = Converts cholesterol into pregnenolone P450scc = Not mentioned in the passage 21-hydroxylase = Not mentioned in the passage 11-beta-hydroxylase = Not mentioned in the passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones = endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria Regulation of glucocorticoid secretion = hypothalamic-pituitary axis Cholesterol to pregnenolone = side-chain cleavage Mineralocorticoid secretion = adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C21 steroids = influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism C19 steroids = mostly weak androgens Glucocorticoids = important effects on sodium and potassium balance Aldosterone = contribute to secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine release = anxiety-inducing stress task Corticosteroid secretion = essential to life ACTH stimulation = regulation of glucocorticoid secretion Cholesterol desmolase = influence reproductive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributes almost 40% of total active glucocorticoids in the CSF = Corticosterone Circulates in blood at 10-20-fold lower levels than cortisol = Corticosterone Exerted 95% of glucocorticoid activity = Cortisol May play a significant role in human brain function = Corticosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH = Stimulates the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones Aldosterone = Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion Cortisol = Regulates glucocorticoid secretion Cholesterol Desmolase = Catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glucocorticoid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol Desmolase = Catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glucocorticoid synthesis ACTH = Stimulates the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones Corticosterone = Contributes to glucocorticoid activity Aldosterone = Regulates electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones = ACTH Regulates glucocorticoid secretion = Cortisol Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion = Aldosterone Catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glucocorticoid synthesis = Cholesterol Desmolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated plasma potassium concentration increases aldosterone secretion = Regulation of electrolyte balance The rate-limiting step in glucocorticoid synthesis is catalyzed by cholesterol desmolase = Glucocorticoid synthesis ACTH stimulates the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones = Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Cortisol exerts 95% of glucocorticoid activity = Glucocorticoid activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison disease = Low cortisol, Hypoglycemia Cushing syndrome = High cortisol, Hyperglycemia Hypocortisolism = Low cortisol, Hypoglycemia Hypercortisolism = High cortisol, Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone = Increases Sodium Reabsorption and Potassium Secretion Corticosterone = Not specified in the passage Glucocorticoid = Not specified in the passage Mineralocorticoid = Increases Sodium Reabsorption and Potassium Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory effects = Inhibition of histamine and serotonin release Maintenance of vascular responsiveness = Up-regulation of α1-adrenergic receptors Effects on CNS = Decreased REM sleep and increased awake time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRH = Stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland ACTH = Stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) = Binds to 90% to 95% of cortisol in the plasma MSH = Regulates pigmentation in lower vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin = Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I Angiotensin II = Stimulates aldosterone synthesis and secretion ACE = Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II Juxtaglomerular cells = Secretes renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of IL-2 = Suppressed cellular immunity Up-regulation of α1-adrenergic receptors = Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure Inhibition of histamine and serotonin release = Reduced inflammation Decreased REM sleep and increased awake time = Altered sleep patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus = Produces CRH Anterior pituitary gland = Produces ACTH Adrenal cortex = Produces cortisol and aldosterone Liver = Metabolizes adrenocortical hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH = Minor stimuli Angiotensin II = Major stimuli Potassium Ion = Not specified in the passage ECF volume = Decrease in ECF volume stimulates aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison disease = Hypotension Cushing syndrome = Hypertension Hypocortisolism = Hypotension Hypercortisolism = Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) = The precursor from which ACTH is derived Corticotroph cells = The cells in the anterior pituitary gland where ACTH is produced Cholesterol desmolase = The rate-limiting enzyme stimulated by ACTH β-endorphin = An endogenous opiate produced from the ACTH family</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of IL-2 = T lymphocytes Up-regulation of α1-adrenergic receptors = Arterioles Inhibition of histamine and serotonin release = Mast cells and platelets Decreased REM sleep and increased awake time = CNS neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conn syndrome = Hyperaldosteronism Addison's disease = Hypoaldosteronism Cushing's syndrome = Hyperadrenocorticism Hypopituitarism = Hypoadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol desmolase = First step in steroid biosynthesis Aldosterone synthase = Last step in steroid biosynthesis Renin = Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I ACE = Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zona glomerulosa = Adrenal cortex Juxtaglomerular cells = Kidney Adrenal medulla = Not specified in the passage Pituitary gland = Not specified in the passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH = Stimulates the release of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens CRH = Stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland Aldosterone = Regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure Cortisol = Regulates glucose metabolism and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase gluconeogenesis = Increase glucose production Increase lipolysis = Break down fat for energy Decrease glucose utilization = Reduce glucose uptake in tissues Decrease insulin sensitivity = Reduce insulin's effectiveness in glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppress immune response = Reduce the body's Defense against infection Inhibit inflammatory response = Reduce inflammation and swelling Enhance vascular responsiveness to catecholamines = Increase blood pressure response to stress Increase GFR = Increase kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease REM sleep = Reduce deep sleep Increase glucose utilization = Increase glucose uptake in tissues Increase lipolysis = Break down fat for energy Increase proteolysis = Break down proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit bone formation = Reduce bone growth and density Increase gastric acid secretion = Increase stomach acid production Increase GFR = Increase kidney function Increase lipolysis = Break down fat for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase gluconeogenesis = Increase glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources Increase proteolysis = Break down proteins for energy Decrease glucose utilization = Reduce glucose uptake in tissues Increase insulin sensitivity = Increase insulin's effectiveness in glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucocorticoids are essential for life = Cannot survive without glucocorticoids Stimulation of gluconeogenesis = Increase glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources Modulation of CNS function = Regulate brain function Suppression of inflammatory and immune responses = Reduce inflammation and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance vascular responsiveness to catecholamines = Increase blood pressure response to stress Increase GFR = Increase kidney function Decrease insulin sensitivity = Reduce insulin's effectiveness in glucose uptake Increase proteolysis = Break down proteins for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulation of CNS function = Regulate brain function Increase gastric acid secretion = Increase stomach acid production Increase GFR = Increase kidney function Decrease REM sleep = Reduce deep sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase GFR = Increase kidney function Increase lipolysis = Break down fat for energy Decrease insulin sensitivity = Reduce insulin's effectiveness in glucose uptake Increase proteolysis = Break down proteins for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase gastric acid secretion = Increase stomach acid production Decrease glucose utilization = Reduce glucose uptake in tissues Increase lipolysis = Break down fat for energy Increase proteolysis = Break down proteins for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating the transfer of stored cholesterol to the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pulsatile and diurnal pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It delays the recovery of the HPA axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drives the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates cholesterol desmolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs just before awakening</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The side-chain cleavage of cholesterol to form pregnenolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influence on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes and secretes cortisol in response to ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits its production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases their proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up-regulates α1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers