Regulation of Energy Metabolism Part 3

The process of creating new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources.

The primary organ responsible for gluconeogenesis.

The process of breaking down glucose into its components.

The molecule that provides energy for the body's cells.

A key precursor molecule for gluconeogenesis, produced from pyruvate.

An enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, converting oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate.

The molecule that carries electrons in cellular respiration.

A molecule that serves as an intermediate in gluconeogenesis, formed from fructose-1,6-biphosphate.

The process of breaking down fructose into simpler molecules.

A key enzyme in gluconeogenesis that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a precursor to glucose.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a crucial step in gluconeogenesis.

An enzyme that breaks down fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into fructose 6-phosphate, preventing the reverse reaction of glycolysis.

An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from glucose 6-phosphate to generate free glucose, the final step in gluconeogenesis.

A key enzyme in fructose metabolism that phosphorylates fructose to fructose 1-phosphate.

An enzyme that phosphorylates galactose to galactose 1-phosphate, the initial step in galactose metabolism.

Fructose, a simple sugar, bypasses normal glucose regulation and enters the liver directly.

High fructose intake can overwhelm liver capacity for glycogen storage, leading to triglyceride synthesis.

Excess fructose is converted to pyruvate, which builds up in the liver.

Citrate, a Krebs cycle intermediate, is transported out of mitochondria and becomes a precursor for fatty acid synthesis.

DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate), a glycolysis intermediate, is used to create the glycerol backbone of triglycerides.

Triglycerides are packaged into very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) for transport from the liver.

Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, essential for energy storage and cell structure.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters are the main forms in which fatty acids are found in organisms.

The process of breaking down fatty acids into two-carbon molecules, similar to those formed during glucose breakdown.

These proteins bind to fatty acids in the blood and transport them into cells.

The process of converting fatty acids into energy (ATP) within the mitochondria and peroxisomes.

These are lipids that act as energy storage in cells, primarily in adipose tissue.

The process of converting glucose into fatty acids when there's excess glucose in a cell.

These are fatty acids with one or more double bonds in their structure, making them more reactive.

These are fatty acids with only single bonds in their structure, making them less reactive.

These are fatty acids that are essential for human health and cannot be synthesized by the body.

An enzyme that splits fructose 1-phosphate into DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and glyceraldehyde.

A molecule produced in fructolysis, it can be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glycerol 3-phosphate.

A molecule produced in fructolysis, it needs phosphorylation to enter the glycolytic pathway.

An enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Fructose can be used for glycogen synthesis instead of glucose, and glycogen replenishment takes priority over triglyceride formation.

Once liver glycogen stores are full, fructose metabolism primarily contributes to triglyceride synthesis.

Fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 5 or fewer carbons. For example, butyric acid.

Fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons. They can form medium-chain triglycerides.

Fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 13 to 21 carbons.

Fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 22 or more carbons.

The two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on the same side of the chain. This creates a bend in the fatty acid.

The two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on opposite sides of the chain. The fatty acid remains relatively straight.