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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of calcium absorption in the small intestine?
What is the primary mechanism of calcium absorption in the small intestine?
- Passive diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Exocytosis
- Active transport via calcium-binding protein (correct)
What is the primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in calcium homeostasis?
What is the primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in calcium homeostasis?
- Inhibition of PTH secretion
- Regulation of intestinal calcium absorption (correct)
- Stimulation of osteoclast activity
- Inhibition of osteoblast activity
What is the primary effect of PTH on osteoclasts?
What is the primary effect of PTH on osteoclasts?
- Stimulation of osteoblast activity
- Inhibition of osteoclast activity
- Stimulation of osteoclast activity (correct)
- Inhibition of osteoblast activity
Which hormone plays a major role in regulating bone formation and resorption?
Which hormone plays a major role in regulating bone formation and resorption?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
Which of the following is a consequence of hypocalcemia?
Which of the following is a consequence of hypocalcemia?
What is the primary stimulus for calcitonin secretion from parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland?
What is the primary stimulus for calcitonin secretion from parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland?
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption in the kidney?
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption in the kidney?
What is the role of vitamin D in intestinal calcium absorption?
What is the role of vitamin D in intestinal calcium absorption?
What is the effect of calcitonin on osteoclastic bone resorption?
What is the effect of calcitonin on osteoclastic bone resorption?
What is the effect of PTH on bone metabolism?
What is the effect of PTH on bone metabolism?
What is the relationship between calcitonin and PTH in terms of their effects on bone metabolism?
What is the relationship between calcitonin and PTH in terms of their effects on bone metabolism?
What is the primary function of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the small intestine?
What is the primary function of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the small intestine?
What is the effect of increased circulating levels of PTH on 1α-hydroxylase activity?
What is the effect of increased circulating levels of PTH on 1α-hydroxylase activity?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone metabolism?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone metabolism?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on phosphate reabsorption in the kidney?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on phosphate reabsorption in the kidney?
What is the stimulus for the production of the active metabolite of vitamin D in the kidney?
What is the stimulus for the production of the active metabolite of vitamin D in the kidney?
In which cell type does PTH bind to stimulate bone resorption?
In which cell type does PTH bind to stimulate bone resorption?
What is the effect of PTH on osteoblast activity?
What is the effect of PTH on osteoblast activity?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone metabolism?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone metabolism?
What is the consequence of PTH-mediated bone resorption?
What is the consequence of PTH-mediated bone resorption?
What is the indirect mechanism by which PTH stimulates bone resorption?
What is the indirect mechanism by which PTH stimulates bone resorption?
In which tissue does PTH stimulate the activation of vitamin D?
In which tissue does PTH stimulate the activation of vitamin D?
What is the effect of decreased plasma Ca2+ concentration on 1α-hydroxylase activity?
What is the effect of decreased plasma Ca2+ concentration on 1α-hydroxylase activity?
What is the role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in the small intestine?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in the small intestine?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in bone mineralization?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in bone mineralization?
What is the effect of PTH on phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
What is the effect of PTH on phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the small intestine?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the small intestine?
What is the effect of PTH on bone metabolism?
What is the effect of PTH on bone metabolism?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the role of PTH in regulating vitamin D synthesis?
What is the role of PTH in regulating vitamin D synthesis?
What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on bone metabolism?
What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on bone metabolism?
What is the effect of increased circulating levels of PTH on 1α-hydroxylase enzyme activity?
What is the effect of increased circulating levels of PTH on 1α-hydroxylase enzyme activity?
Which of the following is the primary site of vitamin D synthesis?
Which of the following is the primary site of vitamin D synthesis?
What is the role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D synthesis?
What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D synthesis?
What is the role of vitamin D in the small intestine?
What is the role of vitamin D in the small intestine?
What is the primary function of vitamin D in conjunction with PTH?
What is the primary function of vitamin D in conjunction with PTH?
What is the primary stimulator of the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme activity?
What is the primary stimulator of the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme activity?
What is the primary purpose of the regulation of vitamin D synthesis?
What is the primary purpose of the regulation of vitamin D synthesis?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in bone mineralization?
What is the effect of vitamin D on osteoclast activity?
What is the effect of vitamin D on osteoclast activity?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in the small intestine?
What is the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in the small intestine?
What stimulates the activity of the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme in the kidney?
What stimulates the activity of the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme in the kidney?
What is the primary stimulus for the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney?
What is the primary stimulus for the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in bone mineralization?
What is the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in bone mineralization?
What is the primary site of vitamin D synthesis?
What is the primary site of vitamin D synthesis?
What is the function of the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein in plasma?
What is the function of the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein in plasma?
What is the effect of decreased calcium levels on vitamin D synthesis?
What is the effect of decreased calcium levels on vitamin D synthesis?
What is the primary consequence of failing to comply with a medically prescribed steroid taper?
What is the primary consequence of failing to comply with a medically prescribed steroid taper?
What is the primary source of excess cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?
What is the primary source of excess cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?
What are the common symptoms of both Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome?
What are the common symptoms of both Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome?
What is the primary cause of Cushing's disease?
What is the primary cause of Cushing's disease?
What is the primary difference between Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome?
What is the primary difference between Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome?
What is the primary mechanism of Adrenal Insufficiency in Addison's Disease?
What is the primary mechanism of Adrenal Insufficiency in Addison's Disease?
What is the characteristic feature of Primary Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome)?
What is the characteristic feature of Primary Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome)?
What is the most common cause of Secondary Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Disease)?
What is the most common cause of Secondary Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Disease)?
What is the hallmark of Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome?
What is the hallmark of Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome?
What is the threshold of adrenal cortex destruction required for Adrenal Insufficiency to occur?
What is the threshold of adrenal cortex destruction required for Adrenal Insufficiency to occur?
What is the characteristic feature of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)?
What is the characteristic feature of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)?
What is the primary symptom of adrenal insufficiency in women?
What is the primary symptom of adrenal insufficiency in women?
What is the cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
What is the cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
What is the effect of Addison's disease on cortisol levels?
What is the effect of Addison's disease on cortisol levels?
What is the treatment for Addison's disease?
What is the treatment for Addison's disease?
What is the effect of Addison's disease on pubic and axillary hair in women?
What is the effect of Addison's disease on pubic and axillary hair in women?
What is the cause of hyperkalemia in Addison's disease?
What is the cause of hyperkalemia in Addison's disease?
What is a consequence of chronic stress on the cardiovascular system?
What is a consequence of chronic stress on the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic stress impairs immune function?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic stress impairs immune function?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic stress on metabolism?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic stress on metabolism?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism during chronic stress?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism during chronic stress?
What is the primary consequence of chronic stress on the central nervous system?
What is the primary consequence of chronic stress on the central nervous system?
What is the primary effect of chronic stress on behavior?
What is the primary effect of chronic stress on behavior?
What is the term used to describe the state of balance and stability in an organism?
What is the term used to describe the state of balance and stability in an organism?
Who is credited with the discovery of the 'fight or flight' response?
Who is credited with the discovery of the 'fight or flight' response?
What is the term used to describe the deviation from a normal or steady state?
What is the term used to describe the deviation from a normal or steady state?
What is the name of the scientist who demonstrated that stress can alter an organism's resistance to disease?
What is the name of the scientist who demonstrated that stress can alter an organism's resistance to disease?
What is the term used to describe the system-wide arousal of the body in response to physical or psychological danger?
What is the term used to describe the system-wide arousal of the body in response to physical or psychological danger?
Who is credited with the discovery that stress can cause diseases?
Who is credited with the discovery that stress can cause diseases?
What is associated with negative feelings and disturbed bodily states?
What is associated with negative feelings and disturbed bodily states?
What is the effect of chronic GC exposure on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism?
What is the effect of chronic GC exposure on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism?
What determines individual differences in stress sensitivity?
What determines individual differences in stress sensitivity?
What is the effect of chronic stress on the HPA axis?
What is the effect of chronic stress on the HPA axis?
What is associated with positive feelings and healthy bodily states?
What is associated with positive feelings and healthy bodily states?
What is the effect of cortisol on insulin resistance?
What is the effect of cortisol on insulin resistance?
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