Regulation of α and β Cells by Blood Glucose Levels
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Questions and Answers

What stimulates β cells to release insulin?

  • Somatostatin from δ cells
  • Increased glucose levels (correct)
  • Decreased glucose levels
  • Loss of insulin effect

    • What is the role of α cells when blood glucose levels decrease?

  • Inhibit glucagon release
  • Release insulin
  • Release glucagon (correct)
  • Inhibit insulin release

    • In Type 1 diabetes (IDDM), what causes the condition?

  • Failure of somatostatin release
  • Loss of the β cells from autoimmune destruction (correct)
  • Loss of the α cells
  • Loss of the insulin effect

    • What is a characteristic feature of Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)?

    <p>Failure to produce adequate insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in Type 2 diabetes commonly associated with obesity?

    <p>Failure of peripheral target cells to respond to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do α and β cells contribute to the control of blood glucose concentration?

    <p>By opposing actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of pars distalis in the adenohypophysis?

    <p>Chromophils and chromophobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are known as basophils and acidophils based on their staining affinities?

    <p>Chromophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are subtypes of basophilic and acidophilic cells usually identified?

    <p>By their granular morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chromophobes in the pars distalis?

    <p>They have clear cytoplasm without granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adenohypophysis accounts for 75% of its composition?

    <p>Pars Distalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two broad groups of cells suggested by common stains in the pars distalis?

    <p>&quot;Chromophils and chromophobes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates melatonin release in periods of darkness?

    <p>Sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cell type produces glucagon?

    <p>α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pineal gland as described in the text?

    <p>Converting sensory input regarding light and darkness into variations in hormonal functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of insulin in the body?

    <p>Decreases blood glucose content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the pineal gland that represent about 5% of the cells?

    <p>Interstitial glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the release of other islet cell hormones?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the concretions of calcium and magnesium salts called in the pineal gland?

    <p>Corpora arenacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the glial cells found within the pineal gland?

    <p>In perivascular areas and between groups of pinealocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone produced by PP cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the diurnal rhythms of hormone release and physiologic activities throughout the body?

    <p>Levels of circulating melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cell type secretes a hormone that stimulates activity of gastric chief cells?

    <p>PP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone structure of glucagon?

    <p>Polypeptide; 3500 Da</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thyroid peroxidase in the iodination of tyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin?

    <p>Catalyzing the oxidation of iodide to iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are T3 and T4 formed within the colloidal thyroglobulin?

    <p>By coupling reactions between two iodinated tyrosines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism through which endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin occurs in thyrocytes?

    <p>Both fluid-phase pinocytosis and receptormediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do C cells typically reside in relation to the follicular epithelium?

    <p>At the basement membrane of the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in degrading thyroglobulin with lysosomal proteases?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates C cells from thyrocytes in terms of size and staining characteristics?

    <p>C cells are larger and more pale stained than thyrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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