Reggae Music History

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following vocal techniques, characterized by a blend of speech and song, is prominently featured in Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire?

  • Bel canto
  • Recitative
  • Coloratura
  • Sprechstimme (correct)

If a composer is aiming to create a sonic texture that combines tonal and atonal elements with intense emotional expression, drawing inspiration from both romanticism and more discordant modern trends, which composer's work would provide relevant insight?

  • Arnold Schoenberg
  • Paul Hindemith
  • Dmitri Shostakovich (correct)
  • Igor Stravinsky

In the realm of classical music innovation, which composer's work centered on incorporating 'chance' noises during a performance, challenging traditional perceptions of musical intent?

  • Karlheinz Stockhausen
  • Olivier Messiaen
  • Terry Riley
  • John Cage (correct)

Considering the arrangement of instruments within a symphony orchestra, what principle dictates the strategic positioning of louder instruments behind quieter ones?

<p>Producing a balanced sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing the influences of Gustav Mahler on contemporary musical compositions, which element stands out as a hallmark of his symphonic style?

<p>Theatrical and contrasting orchestral sections filled with shifting parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sonic characteristic of distortion, pioneered by rock musicians like Pete Townshend of The Who, that became a signature element in various forms of rock music?

<p>An edgy sound caused by overloaded circuitry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering the historical context of rock music, what impact did the British Invasion have on the genre in the United States?

<p>It resulted in British rock-and-roll bands becoming immensely popular in the US (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental element, utilized by DJs such as Kool Herc, laid the groundwork for the emergence of hip-hop in the vibrant block parties of immigrant communities?

<p>Sampling beats from other songs to create rhythmic foundations for rapping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is recognized as the birthplace of hip-hop, where street events and early performances frequently occurred?

<p>The Bronx, New York City (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovative technique involves manipulating records on turntables to create a distinctive percussive sound, often accompanying a rhythmic beat track in hip-hop?

<p>Scratching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following musical styles is considered a mix of European and African folk dance music and was the first Jamaican recorded music?

<p>Mento (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sonic element came to define reggae in the late 1960s?

<p>African nyah-bingi hand-drumming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genre emerged in the early 1960s by merging Jamaican R&B, jazz riffs, and Mento, emphasizing the off-beats?

<p>Ska (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Emancipation Proclamation impact the development of blues music?

<p>It led to freed people travelling across the US, taking their music with them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the genre of blues music that emerged in the southern states of the U.S.?

<p>Sad themes and simple tunes based around three chords (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drum pegs factor into sound production, and what role do they play in manipulating sound as the membrane is played?

<p>They change tone by stretching or loosening the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name used to describe drums that make a sound when the stretched membrane is struck?

<p>Membranophones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which kind of musical endeavor are the most Peter Sculthorpe's work?

<p>Most of the musical pieces by Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe are about the people and landscape of his home country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John C Williams plays whose musical works?

<p>John C. Williams plays music by composers around the world, including sculthorpe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was Requiem by Sculthorpe written?

<p>Sculthorpe wrote this in memory of his parents and for children who died in wars around the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Blues

Blues music grew from the folk music of enslaved Black people in the southern US, featuring sad themes and simple tunes based around three chords.

Field hollers & work songs

Enslaved people used them to communicate in the fields and to keep time when they performed a task

Spiritual songs

Enslaved people expressed their suffering and hope for a better life through the singing of these songs.

The first Black American recording

Made in 1895, it was the first Black American recording, by George W. Johnson

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W.C. Handy

The musician who, in 1903, overheard a man singing while scraping a knife across a guitar, influencing him to write some of the first folk blues music.

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How drums make sound

A drum makes sound when the stretched membrane over its body vibrates when you strike it.

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Percussion drums

Also known as Membranophones, they are instruments used around the world since prehistoric times

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Drum kit

A collection of drums and cymbals invented in the 1930s, US, on which drummers hold beaters or brushes and operates pedals.

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Reggae music

Reggae music, the heartbeat of Jamaica, emerged in the 1960s from a mix of American and African musical styles, incorporating chanted vocals, bass guitar-led riffs, and off-beat guitar chords.

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Mento

A mix of European and African folk dance music that began in the 1940s.

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Ska

By the early 1960s, Jamaican R&B, jazz riffs and mento music had merged to form a distinct style with its dominant bass and emphasis on the off-beats.

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Rocksteady

In 1966, soul music was merged with ska to create a much slower music with a more refined harmony.

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Reggae

By the late 1960s, Jamaica had improved, making possible a change from rocksteady music, featuring an African nyah-bingi hand-drumming style making a heartbeat rhythm.

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Matilda the Musical

The 2010 musical by Tim Minchin based on Roald Dahl's classic novel about reading and learning.

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West Side Story

1957 musical by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, based on William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet.

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Phantom of the Opera

1986 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, it is the longest-running musical on Broadway.

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Les Misérables

1980 musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg based on an 1862 novel by Victor Hugo.

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Classical

Modern classical music has taken many different directions, composers have experimented with harmonies melodies and rhythms, with the use of electronic instruments and technology.

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Arnold Schoenberg

Broke new ground with atonal music, where the music lacks a tonal center or key.

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Hip-Hop

Rhythmic, vocal style of music associated with rap. It began in the Bronx area of New York City in the 1970s. Set against a background of beats sampled from other songs.

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Study Notes

  • Reggae emerged in Jamaica in the 1960s, blending American and African musical styles.
  • It features chanted vocals, bass guitar-led riffs, and off-beat guitar chords.
  • Known for bringing Jamaican dance music international recognition.

Sound Systems

  • DJs with sound systems including speakers, record decks, and amplifiers entertained crowds as live musicians became unaffordable.
  • DJs like Clement Dodd added rhyming vocals creating "toasting".

Ska

  • Jamaican R&B, jazz riffs, and mento music combined in the early 1960s.
  • This formed ska, known for its dominant bass and off-beat emphasis.

Rocksteady

  • Soul music mixed with ska in 1966, resulting in rocksteady.
  • Rocksteady is slower, with refined harmony.
  • The lyrics addressed social unrest, and electronic instruments were used.

Rude Boy Music

  • A style of Ska developed in the 1960's
  • Inspired by Jamaican youths from underdeveloped areas
  • Those youths voiced their concerns through this music

Reggae

  • Music studios in Jamaica improved, allowing rocksteady to evolve into reggae in the late 1960s.
  • Reggae incorporates an African nyah-bingi drumming style, creating a heartbeat rhythm.
  • It's characterized by tricky lead-bass arrangements, skank off-beat guitar chords, and Jamaican patois lyrics.

Rastafarians

  • Rastafari, a movement celebrating African roots, gained traction in Jamaica starting in the 1930s.
  • By the late 1960s, Rastafarian ideas served as inspiration for roots reggae musicians' lyrics.

Additional Details

  • Mento, blending European and African folk dance music, emerged in the 1940s and became the first Jamaican recorded music in 1951.
  • Rastafarians often wear dreadlocks, which are formed by not combing or cutting the hair.
  • Reggae lyrics draw from Jamaican patois which mixes Creole English, African, Portuguese, Spanish, and Rasta slang.

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