Refrigeration, Water Treatment & Gas Absorption

Raises the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

The evaporator allows the refrigerant to evaporate.

Controls the temperature of the system.

Maintains optimal water temperature.

Influences the heat exchange rates in refrigeration.

Removes impurities and dissolved solids to produce purified water.

Pumps are connected one after another to increase total head.

Packing material enhances gas-liquid contact.

Ensures the permeate water meets purity standards.

A fluctuation in CO2 concentration is a manipulated variable.

A technique used to determine the elemental composition of a material by measuring the X-rays emitted when the material is bombarded with X-rays.

A technique used to visualize the surface of a sample at high resolution by scanning the sample with a focused beam of electrons.

A theory used to determine the specific surface area of solid materials by analyzing the adsorption of gases on their surfaces.

A technique used to determine the crystalline structure of materials by analyzing the diffraction pattern of X-rays.

Visualizing the surface of a sample at high resolution.

Assumptions about multilayer adsorption and constant adsorption energy.

XRF technique for analyzing very small sample areas with high spatial resolution.

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) is best for ultra-sensitive analysis.

Determining the crystalline structure of materials.

Specialized XRD for analyzing powdered materials.

A technique to determine the thickness and density of thin films and multilayers.

Simple, reliable, full immersion needed.

Sensors that use vapor pressure for actuation, suitable for HVAC systems and various conditions.

The theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.

Vortex flowmeters can measure various fluid types, including gases and steam.

Commonly used in oil and gas, chemical processing, and food and beverage industries.

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

A temperature sensor that relies on changes in electrical resistance with temperature.

Measures fluid flow by dividing it into discrete volumes using a central rotor and vanes.

Flumes handle debris more efficiently than weirs.

Environmental factors like humidity, electromagnetic interference, and barometric pressure can affect temperature measurements.

A temperature sensor that measures temperature using the Seebeck effect.

Provides real-time monitoring of flow rates for solid materials.

Is non-destructive and can analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples.

Provides higher accuracy and precision compared to analog thermometers.

Used to identify functional groups in organic and inorganic compounds.

Errors like parallax, zero error, and systematic errors can affect thermometer readings.

Includes Sieve tray, Packed column with Raschig rings, and Bubble cap tray columns, but NOT plate columns.

A limitation is not explicitly given in the text; additional information is required.

Optimize reaction rate and product yield by maintaining a constant temperature.

HPLC is less effective for molecules that don't absorb UV-Vis light.

Identifies molecules based on absorption of light.

Measures trace metals by detecting absorbed light.

Analyzes triacylglycerols (lipids) efficiently.

Measures fluid density by ultrasonic signal travel time.

Analyzes molecular vibrations by light absorption.

Exposes a sample to specific wavelengths, triggering an absorption signal.

Requires that a sample be in a liquid form for proper testing.

Techniques often require pre-separation of components for efficient analysis, especially for complex solutions.

Atoms absorb light at specific wavelengths, and the absorption is directly related to the element's concentration.

HPLC separates components based on their interactions with the stationary phase in a column under high pressure.

Transforms liquid into very fine droplets for efficient drying.

Manipulating the heating temperature controls the drying rate.

Transfers thermal energy across concentric pipes.

Ambient temperature affects the rate of heat exchange; higher temperatures can increase the work load of the compressor.

A simple, direct-reading, visual method.