Refrigeration, Water Treatment & Gas Absorption

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the compressor in a refrigeration cycle?

To raise the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant (correct)

To cool the refrigerant

To measure temperature

To regulate airflow

Which component allows the refrigerant to evaporate in a refrigeration system?

Expansion valve (correct)

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

What does the thermostat in a refrigeration system primarily control?

Refrigerant flow rate

Compressor speed

Temperature regulation (correct)

Ambient temperature

What is one of the main objectives of using a cooling tower?

Maintain optimal water temperature Signup and view all the answers

How does ambient temperature affect a refrigeration system?

It can influence heat exchange rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reverse osmosis in water treatment?

Removing impurities and dissolved solids to produce purified water Signup and view all the answers

Which component in a gas absorption column is primarily responsible for enhancing the contact between gas and liquid phases?

Packing material Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a gas absorption column, what type of variable is a fluctuation in the CO₂ concentration of the inlet gas?

Disturbance variable Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes Vapor Actuated Sensors?

They use vapor pressure for actuation, are suited for HVAC systems, and can handle a broad range of conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute zero temperature?

-273.15 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that:

If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature sensor relies on the change in electrical resistance with temperature?

Thermistor Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor can significantly affect temperature measurements?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thermometer is best suited for measuring high temperatures in industrial settings?

Thermocouple Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of vortex flowmeters?

They can measure various types of fluids, including gases and steam. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a digital thermometer over an analog one?

Higher accuracy and precision Signup and view all the answers

In which industries are Positive Displacement flowmeters commonly used?

Oil and gas, chemical processing, food and beverage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common error that can occur when using a thermometer?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which type of PD flowmeter measures fluid flow by dividing it into discrete volumes using a central rotor and vanes?

Rotating Vane PD Meter Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using a flume over a weir for measuring open channel flow?

Flumes handle debris more efficiently than weirs. Signup and view all the answers

What is one main advantage of using a centrifugal solids flowmeter for measuring the flow of solid materials?

It offers real-time monitoring of flow rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of FTIR spectroscopy?

It is non-destructive and can analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples Signup and view all the answers

FTIR spectroscopy is most commonly used to identify:

Functional groups in organic and inorganic compounds Signup and view all the answers

Which limitation is associated with UV-Vis spectrophotometry?

Limited to liquid samples only. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a limitation of one analytical technique?

It is not ideal for complex mixtures without pre-separation. Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is most appropriate for measuring trace metals in water?

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary operational principle of an ultrasonic density meter?

It detects ultrasonic waves' travel time through the fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?

It does not work for compounds that do not absorb UV-Vis light. Signup and view all the answers

In FTIR spectroscopy, what is detected from the molecular vibrations of a sample?

Absorption of light at specific wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) when a sample is illuminated at a specific wavelength?

Atoms absorb light, leading to electronic transitions. Signup and view all the answers

Which analytical technique is especially advantageous for triacylglycerol analysis?

Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) Signup and view all the answers

What property is being measured when using an ultrasonic density meter?

Density of the fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately explains how light interacts with atoms in a sample?

The atoms absorb light at a specific wavelength, and this absorption is proportional to the concentration of the element. Signup and view all the answers

What principle does High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) operate on?

HPLC separates components based on how they interact with a column's stationary phase under high pressure. Signup and view all the answers

In a spray dryer, which component is responsible for atomizing the liquid?

Atomizer Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is adjusted to control the drying rate in a spray dryer?

Heating temperature Signup and view all the answers

What describes the operation of a double pipe heat exchanger?

Through thermal energy transfer across concentric pipes. Signup and view all the answers

How does ambient temperature affect the operation of an ice plant?

It can increase freezing time. Signup and view all the answers

What function does the atomizer serve in the spray drying process?

Converts liquid into fine droplets. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of liquid level measurement is characterized as a direct reading method and is typically cost-effective?

Sight glass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

Visualizing the surface of a sample at high resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory?

Assumption limitations regarding multilayer adsorption and constant adsorption energy Signup and view all the answers

Which X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique is specifically designed for analyzing very small sample areas with high spatial resolution?

Micro-XRF (µXRF) Signup and view all the answers

What type of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique is most suitable for trace element analysis due to its high sensitivity?

Total Reflection XRF (TXRF) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of X-ray Diffractometry (XRD)?

Determining the crystalline structure of materials Signup and view all the answers

Which type of X-ray Diffractometer is specifically used for analyzing the crystalline structure of powdered materials?

Powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of X-ray Reflectometry (XRR)?

Determining the thickness and density of thin films and multilayers Signup and view all the answers

Why is the liquid-in-glass thermometer commonly used in the industry?

It is simple, reliable, and requires full immersion for accurate readings. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Compressor Function: Raises the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.
Refrigerant Evaporation: Occurs in the expansion valve.
Thermostat Control: Regulates temperature.
Cooling Tower Objective: Maintaining optimal water temperature.
Ambient Temperature Effect: Influences heat exchange rates.

Water Treatment

Reverse Osmosis Purpose: Removing impurities and dissolved solids, producing purified water.
Series Configuration in Pump Testing: Pumps are connected one after another to increase total pressure.
Series-Parallel Configuration: Ideal for low-pressure, high-flow applications.

Gas Absorption Columns

Gas Absorption Column Function: Removing specific gases from a mixture by dissolving them in a liquid.
Contact Enhancement: Packing material enhances contact between gas and liquid phases.
Permeate Control Objective: Minimizing salt concentration in permeate stream.
Variable Types (Gas Absorption): Controlled, manipulated, disturbance, setpoint variables are used to describe and control variables in a gas absorption column.

Dryers and Refrigeration Systems

Tray Dryer Advantage: Uniform drying due to consistent airflow.
Reboiler Purpose: Heating the bottom of the column to create vapor in distillation columns.
Condenser Function: Cooling and condensing vapor into liquid in distillation columns.

Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)

Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Purpose: Illustrates major equipment and material flow in a process.
Process Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) Purpose: Provides details about instrumentation and control devices in a process.

Steam Power Plants

Condenser Role: Cooling low-pressure steam from the turbine, converting it back to water.

Various Analytical Techniques

X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Determining the crystalline structure of materials.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Visualizing sample surfaces at high resolution.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Identifying and quantifying trace elements in biological fluids.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Trace metals analysis in water samples.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Separating compounds based on interactions with stationary phase.
Gas Chromatography or Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC or GC-MS): Separating volatile compounds based on their boiling points..
Ultrasonic Density Meter (UDM): Measures fluid density by tracking wave travel times through the fluid.

Temperature Measurements

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Hysteresis: Difference in output for increasing and decreasing pressure.
Parallax Error: Error in reading a measurement due to the observer's position.
Zero Error: Error due to an inaccurate zero setting in instrumentation.

Flowmeters

Positive Displacement Flowmeter: Divides fluid into discrete volumes for precise measurement.
Differential Pressure Flowmeter: Works by creating a pressure difference to measure flow.
Orifice Plate Function: Creates a pressure difference for measuring fluid flow.
Vortex Flowmeter: Measures fluid flow by the vortex shedding phenomenon.

Other Notes

The best method for measurement depends on parameters like pressure, temperature, or physical properties of the sample.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in refrigeration, water treatment, and gas absorption techniques. Explore the workings of compressors, reverse osmosis systems, and gas absorption columns. Test your understanding of these critical engineering processes.