Refraction of Light

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Questions and Answers

What is the order of colors produced when sunlight passes through a prism?

  • Red, yellow, blue, green, orange, indigo, violet
  • Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red (correct)
  • Green, yellow, red, orange, blue, violet, indigo
  • Orange, red, yellow, green, blue, violet, indigo

What will happen if a circular disc painted with seven colors is rotated rapidly?

  • It will appear white (correct)
  • It will appear black
  • It will appear colorful
  • It will lose all color

Which type of mirror has the reflective surface on the inner part?

  • Flat mirror
  • Concave mirror (correct)
  • Convex mirror
  • Plane mirror

What does the pole of a spherical mirror represent?

<p>The midpoint of the aperture of the mirror (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius of curvature in the context of a spherical mirror?

<p>The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a convex mirror made?

<p>By silvering the inner convex surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the center of curvature of a mirror?

<p>It is the center of the sphere of the mirror (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal axis of a spherical mirror?

<p>A straight line joining the pole to its center of curvature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light when it travels from a rarer to a denser medium?

<p>It bends towards the normal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light in water?

<p>$2.25 × 10^8 ext{ m/s}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ray is referred to as the refracted ray?

<p>The ray traveling in the new medium at a different angle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of light in glass compare to the speed of light in air?

<p>Light travels slower in glass than in air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when light hits the surface separating two media perpendicularly?

<p>It passes without deviating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an incident ray?

<p>The ray of light falling on the surface separating two media. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In optical density, what does it mean if a medium has a slower speed of light?

<p>The medium is denser. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius of curvature in the context of curved mirrors?

<p>The distance from the mirror surface to the center of curvature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of image is formed by a concave mirror when the object is placed very close to it?

<p>Virtual and magnified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the object is at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, what is the nature of the image formed?

<p>Real, inverted, and of same size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the image when the object is placed at focus or beyond it in a concave mirror?

<p>Image is real and inverted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is the image formed by a concave mirror virtual, erect, and enlarged?

<p>When the object is between the focus and pole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of images are formed by convex mirrors regardless of the object's position?

<p>Virtual and erect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of image is always formed by a convex mirror?

<p>Virtual and erect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an object is placed at infinity in front of a concave mirror, where is the image formed?

<p>At focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As an object approaches a convex mirror, what happens to the size of the image?

<p>It diminishes but remains smaller than the object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does the image formed by a mirror exhibit?

<p>It shows lateral inversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the virtual image formed by a convex mirror located?

<p>Between the focus and the pole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the image when the object is placed beyond the centre of curvature in a concave mirror?

<p>Real and smaller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the image formed when the object is at the center of curvature in a concave mirror?

<p>Real, inverted and of the same size as the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the image in a concave mirror when the object is moved closer than the focus?

<p>The image becomes virtual and enlarged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is at infinity?

<p>It is real and diminishes to a point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between object position and image size for convex mirrors?

<p>The image size increases as the object approaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the virtual image when the object is moved towards a convex mirror?

<p>It moves towards the pole of the mirror (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the laws of reflection state about the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

<p>The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of a concave mirror?

<p>It is where the reflected rays converge at. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a convex mirror, how do the reflected rays behave?

<p>They diverge and appear to come from a point behind the mirror. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the focal length of a mirror defined?

<p>The distance from the pole of the mirror to the focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between focal length and radius of curvature?

<p>Focal length = Radius of curvature/2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using paper to find the focal length of a concave mirror while facing the sun?

<p>A small image of the sun will be projected onto the paper. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding ray diagrams in spherical mirrors?

<p>The object is positioned perpendicular to the principal axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the behavior of light rays on a spherical mirror?

<p>Reflected rays from a concave mirror converge at a focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of incidence defined as?

<p>The angle between the incident ray and the normal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the refractive index (μ) represent?

<p>The ratio of the speed of light in the first medium to the second medium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Snell's law, the incident ray, the normal, and the refracted ray:

<p>Lie in the same plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a ray travels from air to water, what happens to its path?

<p>It bends towards the normal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon causes the depth of a vessel containing water to appear less when viewed from air?

<p>Refraction of light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractive index of air?

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When light travels from air to glass, what is the calculated refractive index?

<p>1.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding refraction?

<p>The speed of light decreases when it travels from a denser to a rarer medium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another.

Convex Mirror

A mirror that curves outwards, causing light rays to diverge.

Concave Mirror

A mirror that curves inwards, causing light rays to converge.

Focus

The point where light rays converge after reflecting off a curved mirror.

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Principal Axis

The imaginary line passing through the center of curvature and the pole of a curved mirror.

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Center of Curvature

The center of the sphere from which the curved mirror is a part.

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Radius of Curvature

The distance between the pole and the center of curvature of a curved mirror.

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Dispersion of White Light

The separation of white light into its constituent colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) due to refraction.

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Normal (in refraction)

The line perpendicular to the surface at the point where the light ray strikes.

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Angle of incidence

The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

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Angle of refraction

The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.

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Refractive index

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a given pair of media.

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Light in same refractive index

Light does not bend when passing between mediums with the same refractive index.

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Refraction from denser to less dense

Light bends away from the normal when it passes from a denser medium to a less dense medium.

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Refraction from less dense to denser

Light bends towards the normal when it passes from a less dense medium to a denser medium.

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Apparent depth in water

The apparent depth of an object underwater is less than its actual depth due to the refraction of light.

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Focus (F)

The point on the principal axis of a mirror where parallel rays of light converge after reflection from a concave mirror or appear to diverge from after reflection from a convex mirror.

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Focal Length (f)

The distance between the pole of a mirror and its focus.

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Center of Curvature (C)

The center of the sphere from which the curved mirror is a part.

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Radius of Curvature (R)

The distance between the pole of the mirror and the center of curvature.

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Pole (P)

The point where the principal axis intersects the mirror's surface.

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Angle of incidence (i)

The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the mirror's surface at the point of incidence.

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Angle of reflection (r)

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror's surface at the point of incidence.

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Spherical mirror

A spherical mirror can be concave or convex depending on whether its reflecting surface is curved inwards or outwards.

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Virtual vs. Real Image Formation by Concave Mirror

A concave mirror forms a virtual image when the object is placed very close to the mirror, meaning closer than the focus. The object at focus or beyond it will result in a real image.

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Magnified Virtual Image with Concave Mirror

A concave mirror produces a magnified virtual image when the object is positioned between the mirror's pole and focus.

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Diminished Real Image with Concave Mirror

A concave mirror forms an image that is real and smaller than the object when the object is situated beyond the center of curvature.

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Lateral Inversion in Mirrors

The right side of an object appears on the left side of the image formed by a mirror, and vice versa. This is a characteristic of both plane and spherical mirrors.

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Image Formation by Convex Mirrors

A convex mirror always produces a virtual, upright, and diminished image, regardless of the object's position.

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Ray Reflection from Parallel Light

If a ray of light strikes a mirror parallel to the principal axis, it reflects through the focus of the mirror.

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Ray Reflection Through Center of Curvature

When a ray of light passes through the center of curvature of a mirror, it reflects back along the same path.

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Magnified Real Image with Concave Mirror

A concave mirror forms a magnified real image when the object is positioned between the center of curvature and the focus.

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Virtual image formed by a convex mirror

A virtual image formed by a convex mirror is always upright, smaller than the object, and located between the mirror's pole and its focus.

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Image formation with a concave mirror

The image formed by a concave mirror can be real or virtual, depending on where the object is placed relative to the mirror.

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Object movement and image change in a convex mirror

When an object is moved closer to a convex mirror, the image shifts towards the mirror's pole and gets larger, but always remains smaller than the object.

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Image location with an object at infinity (convex mirror)

For an object placed at infinity, the image formed by a convex mirror is located at the mirror's focus.

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Image characteristics beyond the center of curvature (concave mirror)

The image formed by a concave mirror when the object is beyond the center of curvature is real, inverted, and smaller than the object.

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Image characteristics at the center of curvature (concave mirror)

When an object is at the center of curvature of a concave mirror, the image is real, inverted, and the same size as the object.

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Image characteristics between focus and mirror (concave mirror)

When an object is between the focus and the concave mirror, the image is virtual, erect, and magnified.

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Spoon as a mirror example

The inside surface of a spoon acts as a concave mirror, while the outside surface acts as a convex mirror.

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Study Notes

Refraction of Light

  • Light travels in a straight line in a medium
  • Refraction is the change in the direction of the path of light when it passes from one optically transparent medium to another.
  • When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium it bends toward the normal.
  • When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium it bends away from the normal.
  • When light falls normally on the surface separating two media, it passes undeviated.

Speed of Light in Different Media

  • Light travels faster in air than in water or glass.
  • Speed of light in air is 3 x 10⁸ m/s
  • Speed of light in water is 2.25 x 10⁸ m/s
  • Speed of light in glass is 2 x 10⁸ m/s
  • A medium is denser if the speed of light decreases in it
  • A medium is rarer if the speed of light increases in it
  • The speed of light can't be greater than 3 x 10⁸ m/s in any medium
  • Incident ray: The ray of light that falls on the surface separating two media
  • Refracted ray: The ray of light that travels in the other medium after changing direction
  • Normal: A perpendicular drawn at the point where the incident ray strikes the surface separating two media.
  • Angle of incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal
  • Angle of refraction: The angle between the refracted ray and the normal

Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law)

  • The angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r are related by a constant, called the refractive index.
  • The refractive index of medium two with respect to medium one is: µ = sin i / sin r
  • e.g., for air to water, µ = 4/3.

Apparent Depth

  • The depth of water in a vessel appears less when viewed from the air above.
  • Real depth / Apparent depth = Refractive Index

Mirage in a Desert

  • In deserts, the sand is hotter during the day so the air near the ground becomes warmer and rarer.
  • The temperature difference creates layers of differing densities in the air. This causes light from distant objects to bend. This often creates a false impression of water.

Dispersion of White Light

  • White light is a mixture of seven colours
  • Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
  • The refractive index for each colour is slightly different when traveling through a medium
  • This creates the spectrum that is seen when white light passes through a prism

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