Reflexes and Signs in Neurology

Reflexes and Signs

• Biceps Reflex (C5-C6): Contraction of the biceps muscle in response to tapping the biceps tendon.
• Absent Biceps Reflex: Lack of contraction or response in the biceps muscle.

Triceps Reflex

• Triceps Reflex (C7-C8): Contraction of the triceps muscle in response to tapping the triceps tendon.
• Absent Triceps Reflex: Lack of contraction or response in the triceps muscle.

Brachioradialis Reflex

• Brachioradialis Reflex (C5-C6): Contraction of the brachioradialis muscle in response to tapping the brachioradialis tendon.
• Absent Brachioradialis Reflex: Lack of contraction or response in the brachioradialis muscle.

Patellar Reflex

• Patellar Reflex (L2-L4): Contraction of the quadriceps muscle in response to tapping the patellar tendon.
• Absent Patellar Reflex: Lack of contraction or response in the quadriceps muscle.

Achilles Tendon Reflex

• Achilles Tendon Reflex (S1-S2): Contraction of the calf muscles in response to tapping the Achilles tendon.
• Absent Achilles Tendon Reflex: Lack of contraction or response in the calf muscles.

Babinski Sign

• Babinski Sign: Abnormal upward movement or extension of the big toe and fanning of the other toes in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot, indicating an upper motor neuron lesion.

Abdominal Reflex

• Abdominal Reflex: Contraction or movement of the abdominal muscles in response to stroking or tapping the skin in a specific abdominal region.
• Absent Abdominal Reflex: Lack of contraction or movement in the abdominal muscles.

Cremasteric Reflex

• Cremasteric Reflex: Elevation or contraction of the scrotum in response to stroking or tapping the inner thigh.
• Absent Cremasteric Reflex: Lack of elevation or contraction in the scrotum.

Anal Reflex

• Anal Reflex: Contraction or movement of the anal sphincter in response to stimulation of the anal region.
• Absent Anal Reflex: Lack of contraction or movement in the anal sphincter.

Meningeal Signs

• Kernig's Sign: Resistance or pain in the hamstrings when attempting to extend the knee with the hip flexed at a right angle, indicating possible meningitis or irritation of the meninges.
• Brudzinski's Sign: Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when attempting to flex the neck, indicating possible meningitis or irritation of the meninges.