40 Questions
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur in the body?
Red bone marrow
Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid?
Loop of Henle
What is the main function of the collecting duct in the kidney?
Reabsorption of water and solutes
What is the role of plasma in the body?
Contains clotting factors
Which hormone upregulates aquaporins in collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption into the bloodstream?
Aldosterone
What is the function of the descending Loop of Henle in the kidney?
Reabsorb water via aquaporins
Where do megakaryocytes primarily fragment to create platelets?
Red bone marrow
What happens in leukopoiesis?
Production of white blood cells
What is the main function of tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells?
Prevent the leakage of small molecules and ions
Which reflex involves the spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of its big toe when the sole is stimulated?
Babinski reflex
What is the function of hemidesmosomes in cells?
Connect cells to the extracellular matrix
Which enzyme is responsible for relieving the overwinding of DNA strands during replication by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands?
Topoisomerase
What type of immunity involves dendritic cells that are specialized immune cells found in the skin and mucous membranes?
Adaptive immunity
Which reflex is characterized by the baby's head moving toward an object that stimulates its mouth and cheeks?
Rooting reflex
What is the main role of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Which enzyme binds two DNA fragments together by phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication?
Ligase
What would be the primary consequence of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Excessive water loss and increased thirst
If aldosterone levels are low, what would be the expected outcome?
Decreased sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between blood pressure, filtration, and reabsorption?
Increased blood pressure increases both filtration and reabsorption
Which condition is characterized by an excess of fluid in the blood plasma?
Hypervolemia
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the involuntary control of gastrointestinal functioning?
Enteric nervous system
Which division of the nervous system is associated with voluntary control of body movements through stimulation of the skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Which characteristic distinguishes the parasympathetic nervous system from the sympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system has longer preganglionic fibers and shorter postganglionic fibers
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system as described in the given information?
Increasing various physiological processes in response to danger or stress
What is the primary function of goblet cells in the respiratory tract?
Produce mucus to trap foreign particles
Which type of mutation involves the inversion of a chromosomal segment?
Inversion mutation
Which type of mutation is most likely to accumulate in a species over time through natural selection?
Beneficial mutations
What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?
Receive action potentials from other neurons
What is the role of myelin sheaths in axons?
Prevent signal loss by insulating the axon
What is the primary function of nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons?
Allow action potentials to travel quickly through the axon
Which step occurs first in the process of neurotransmission?
Release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane
Which type of mutation involves a change from a purine nucleotide to a pyrimidine nucleotide, or vice versa?
Transversion mutation
What is the primary function of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP signaling pathway?
To catalyze the cleavage of cAMP to AMP, restoring baseline levels of cAMP
Which of the following statements about positive feedback loops is true?
They encourage deviations from the mean value by amplifying the initial signal
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential and action potential initiation is correct?
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around -70mV
Which of the following statements accurately describes the all-or-none phenomenon in action potential generation?
Both threshold and suprathreshold stimuli produce action potentials of the same magnitude
What is the primary mechanism by which summation of impulses occurs in neurons?
Both temporal and spatial summation contribute to the summation of impulses
What is the primary function of myelin sheaths in neurons?
To allow for the saltatory conduction of action potentials
What is the likely effect of increased expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus?
Increased likelihood of action potential formation, increasing excitability
Which of the following statements accurately describes negative feedback loops?
They help maintain homeostasis by inhibiting deviations from the mean value
Test your knowledge on reflexes in infants and cell junctions in epithelial cells. From Babinski reflex to tight junctions, this quiz covers various mechanisms and functions in biology.
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