Reflex Theory Overview

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes stable movement patterns?

Common with prior to changing patterns

Greater variability in performance

Always indicative of high skill level

Less variability in performance (correct)

Unstable movement patterns are often associated with new tasks or changes in established patterns.

True

Who created the Rood approach?

Margaret Rood

The term _____ refers to the state of stiffness or tension in muscles.

muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Heavy work muscles = Stabilization, reflexively controlled Light work muscles = Movement, voluntary controlled Brunnstrom’s movement therapy = Progression of reflex development after CNS damage Ecological theory = Goal-oriented behavior with environmental influence Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains that reflexes are combined to produce complex behavior?

Reflex theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the systems theory, learning a simple movement pattern can help in controlling more degrees of freedom (df).

True Signup and view all the answers

What do central pattern generators control in the motor programming theory?

Movement patterns Signup and view all the answers

The ___ theory suggests that higher cognitive centers control lower centers of the CNS.

Hierarchical Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with reflex theory?

Movement can occur without sensory stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their key concept:

Reflex theory = Complex behavior through reflex chains Hierarchical theory = Higher centers control lower centers Motor programming theory = Patterns activated by sensory or central processes Systems theory = Incorporates the whole body and its interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about motor programming theories is true?

They recognize the role of central generators in movement. Signup and view all the answers

In hierarchical theory, it is believed that lower levels have no influence over higher cognitive levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning involves learning through trial and error.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning relies on higher cortical processes such as awareness and attention?

Explicit (declarative) learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for learning automatic tasks that are not dependent on awareness?

Procedural learning Signup and view all the answers

In Adam's closed loop theory, sensory feedback is necessary to learn skilled __________.

movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following learning theories with their key concepts:

Adam's closed loop theory = Sensory feedback necessary for learning Schmidt's schema theory = Generalized motor program Ecological theory = Optimal strategies to solve a task Operant conditioning = Learning through consequences Signup and view all the answers

What does Schmidt's schema theory imply about variability in learning environments?

It increases learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an 'error signal' in Schmidt’s schema theory?

To modify the schema Signup and view all the answers

Procedural learning can be consciously recalled and articulated.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synergy is more commonly observed?

Flexor synergy Signup and view all the answers

Inhibiting abnormal patterns is a primary focus of Bobath's neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT).

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)?

It promotes the response of the neuromuscular mechanism through stimulation of the proprioceptor. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of motor learning, is defined as temporary changes, while represents permanent changes.

performance, learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Implicit learning = Learning unconsciously Habituation = Nonpainful stimulus response reduction Sensitization = Response enhancement to noxious stimuli Associative learning = Forming relationships between stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the task-oriented approach in motor learning?

It is based on functional tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Frequent stimulation and motor repetition are not essential for retaining learned motor abilities.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of motor learning focuses on understanding the movement and is more cognitive in nature?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of motor learning mentioned?

Implicit learning and explicit learning. Signup and view all the answers

Practice of parts of a task is more beneficial than practice of the whole task for all types of skills.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of task-specific training?

The active, repetitive practice of functional activities to learn or relearn a motor skill. Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic feedback is optimal for promoting _____ and generalization.

self-learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of motor learning with their key characteristics:

Stage 1 = Cognitive, novice understanding movement Stage 2 = Associative, advanced refinement of movement Stage 3 = Autonomous, expert level skill retention Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that learning requires solving the motor problem rather than rote repetition?

Problem-solving approach Signup and view all the answers

High levels of motivation and engagement do not influence the learning process.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal condition for variability in practice during motor learning?

Variable practice conditions are optimal for learning and generalization. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reflex Theory

Complex behaviors are formed by chaining individual reflex actions.
Limitations include spontaneous movements that do not require stimuli, movements occurring faster than the stimulus, and variability of responses from a single stimulus.
Novel movements are not accounted for in this theory.

Hierarchical Theory

Higher cognitive centers oversee lower centers in motor control.
Motor development in children correlates with increased corticalization in the CNS.
Current concepts challenge the "top-down" control notion, suggesting lower levels can influence higher centers.

Motor Programming Theories

Movement patterns can be triggered by sensory stimuli or through central processes.
Central pattern generators are hardwired neural circuits responsible for specific movements, demonstrated in spinal walking studies with cats.
Emphasis on retraining functional movements rather than isolating movements.

Systems Theory

Considers the whole body, gravity, and inertia in motor control, not just the CNS.
Highlights multiple degrees of freedom (df) in the body, advocating teaching simple movements before complex ones.
Stability in movement patterns is linked to less variability, while unstable patterns show greater variability during skill acquisition.

Ecological Theory

Movement is goal-oriented, with perceptions guiding behavior influenced by the environment.
Encourages exploration of various methods to complete a task.

Integrated Theory of Motor Control

Incorporates different treatment approaches and advocates for the rediscovery of normal movement patterns.

Rood Approach

Developed by Margaret Rood, combining occupational and physical therapy principles.
Differentiates between heavy work (stabilization) and light work (movement).
Utilizes sensory stimuli for motor response elicitation and begins treatment at the patient's developmental level.

Brunnstrom’s Movement Therapy

Designed for hemiplegia recovery post-cerebrovascular accident.
Focuses on recovery through stereotypical limb movement patterns or synergies.
Involves levels of recovery progressing from flaccid state to voluntary movements.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

A technique aimed at enhancing neuromuscular response using proprioceptive stimulation and diagonal movements.
Balance among antagonist muscles is key, with repeated movements aiding motor retention.

Bobath’s Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

Focuses on sensory awareness of movement for hemiplegic patients.
Involves basic postural movements to inhibit abnormal patterns and stimulate normal ones.

Motor Learning & Task-Oriented Approach

Incorporates functional tasks into neuro-facilitation methods.
Motor learning encompasses problem-solving skills and adaptability to environmental changes.

Types of Motor Learning

Implicit learning occurs unconsciously, while explicit learning requires awareness and reflection.
Learning can be procedural (automatic) or declarative (conscious).

Motor Learning Theories

Adam's Closed Loop Theory stresses sensory feedback in skill acquisition but has limitations with novel movements.
Schmidt’s Schema Theory uses generalized motor programs to select and evaluate responses but falls short on immediate learning of new movements.
Ecological theory prioritizes finding optimal motor strategies and matching them to perceptual cues during task performance.

Stages of Motor Learning

Stage 1: Acquisition - cognitive understanding with decreased variability.
Stage 2: Skill Refinement - associative learning for movement refinement.
Stage 3: Skill Retention - autonomous performance with expert execution.

Task-Specific Training

Defined as active, repetitive practice of functional activities for motor skill learning or relearning.
Emphasizes the importance of feedback, intrinsic motivation, and variable practice for optimal learning and generalization.

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Description

Explore the concepts of reflex theory and its implications on behavior. This quiz covers the chaining of individual reflexes, limitations of spontaneous movements, and the impact of sensory stimuli on movement. Test your understanding of how reflexes drive behavior in various scenarios.

Reflex Theory Overview

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes stable movement patterns?

Unstable movement patterns are often associated with new tasks or changes in established patterns.

Who created the Rood approach?

The term _____ refers to the state of stiffness or tension in muscles.

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Which theory explains that reflexes are combined to produce complex behavior?

According to the systems theory, learning a simple movement pattern can help in controlling more degrees of freedom (df).

What do central pattern generators control in the motor programming theory?

The ___ theory suggests that higher cognitive centers control lower centers of the CNS.

What limitation is associated with reflex theory?

Match the following theories with their key concept:

Which statement about motor programming theories is true?

In hierarchical theory, it is believed that lower levels have no influence over higher cognitive levels.

Classical conditioning involves learning through trial and error.

Which type of learning relies on higher cortical processes such as awareness and attention?

What is the term for learning automatic tasks that are not dependent on awareness?

In Adam's closed loop theory, sensory feedback is necessary to learn skilled __________.

Match the following learning theories with their key concepts:

What does Schmidt's schema theory imply about variability in learning environments?

What is the role of an 'error signal' in Schmidt’s schema theory?

Procedural learning can be consciously recalled and articulated.

Which type of synergy is more commonly observed?

Inhibiting abnormal patterns is a primary focus of Bobath's neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT).

What is the primary benefit of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)?

In the process of motor learning, ____ is defined as temporary changes, while ____ represents permanent changes.

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

What is a characteristic of the task-oriented approach in motor learning?

Frequent stimulation and motor repetition are not essential for retaining learned motor abilities.

Which stage of motor learning focuses on understanding the movement and is more cognitive in nature?

What are the two main types of motor learning mentioned?

Practice of parts of a task is more beneficial than practice of the whole task for all types of skills.

What is the primary focus of task-specific training?

Intrinsic feedback is optimal for promoting _____ and generalization.

Match the following stages of motor learning with their key characteristics:

Which principle states that learning requires solving the motor problem rather than rote repetition?

High levels of motivation and engagement do not influence the learning process.

What is the optimal condition for variability in practice during motor learning?

Study Notes

Reflex Theory

Hierarchical Theory

Motor Programming Theories

Systems Theory

Ecological Theory

Integrated Theory of Motor Control

Rood Approach

Brunnstrom’s Movement Therapy

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Bobath’s Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

Motor Learning & Task-Oriented Approach

Types of Motor Learning

Motor Learning Theories

Stages of Motor Learning

Task-Specific Training

Studying That Suits You

Description

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In the process of motor learning, is defined as temporary changes, while represents permanent changes.