Reflex Arc and Types of Reflexes
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Reflex Arc and Types of Reflexes

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Questions and Answers

Which type of neuron is responsible for communicating between two other neurons?

  • Effector neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Interneuron (correct)
  • Sensory neuron

    • The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex.

    False

    What is the primary function of an effector organ in the reflex arc?

    To carry out the response to a stimulus.

    The __________ reflex helps remove a limb from a painful stimulus.

    <p>withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves are part of the lumbar plexus?

    <p>L1-S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons form the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves?

    <p>Sensory and motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spinal plexuses with their respective regions:

    <p>Cervical Plexus = C1-C4 Brachial Plexus = C5-T1 Lumbosacral Plexus = L1-S4 Thoracic Plexus = Not applicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ plexus innervates the muscles attached to the hyoid bone and the skin of the neck.

    <p>cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the largest portion of the brain?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebrum is divided into three major lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum called?

    <p>Right hemisphere and Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex is composed of ______ matter.

    <p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Controlling thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lobes of the cerebrum to their primary functions:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Voluntary movements and decision-making Parietal lobe = Processing sensory information Temporal lobe = Hearing and language Occipital lobe = Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into the right and left hemispheres.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions does the cerebral cortex control?

    <p>Thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiating voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Responsible for math and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus callosum connects the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gyri?

    <p>Folds on the cerebral cortex that increase surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ lobe is responsible for evaluating sensory input such as touch, pain, and temperature.

    <p>parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lobes of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Controls voluntary motor functions and aggression Parietal lobe = Evaluates sensory input Occipital lobe = Responsible for vision Temporal lobe = Involves hearing and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fissure in the context of the brain's structure?

    <p>A deep indentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The occipital lobe is located anteriorly and is responsible for smell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for music and art?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for both taste and swallowing?

    <p>Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cranial Nerve II (Optic) is a motor nerve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)?

    <p>smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) is responsible for facial expression and __________.

    <p>taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerves with their primary functions:

    <p>Cranial Nerve I = Smell Cranial Nerve II = Vision Cranial Nerve III = Eye movement Cranial Nerve VIII = Hearing and equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) is only a sensory nerve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motor function of Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)?

    <p>control of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve is Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)?

    <p>Pure motor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is composed of only the sympathetic division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle does the autonomic nervous system primarily innervate?

    <p>smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first neuron in the autonomic nervous system is called the ______ neuron.

    <p>preganglionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following autonomic nervous system components with their functions:

    <p>Sympathetic division = Prepares the body for physical activity Parasympathetic division = Activates digestion Enteric nervous system = Controls the digestive tract independently of the CNS Preganglionic neuron = The first neuron in the autonomic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does increased activity in sympathetic neurons generally have?

    <p>Prepares the body for physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enteric neurons can only function with input from the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of divisions in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>sympathetic division and parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reflex Arc

    • A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex.
    • Components of a reflex arc include a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector organ.
    • Sensory receptors detect stimuli and provide information to the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Sensory neurons transmit signals from the sensory receptors to the CNS.
    • Interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons in the CNS.
    • Motor neurons conduct signals from the CNS to the effector organ.
    • Effector organs are muscles or glands that respond to signals from the CNS.

    Stretch Reflex

    • The simplest reflex is the stretch reflex.
    • A stretch reflex occurs when muscles contract in response to a stretching force.
    • The knee-jerk reflex or patellar reflex is an example of a stretch reflex.

    Withdrawal Reflex

    • The withdrawal reflex, or flexor reflex, removes a limb or body part from a painful stimulus.
    • Sensory receptors are pain receptors, and stimulation initiates the reflex.

    Spinal Nerves

    • Spinal nerves arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal roots and ventral roots.
    • Contain axons of sensory and somatic motor neurons.
    • Located between vertebrae.
    • Categorized by the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge (C for cervical).
    • There are 31 pairs organized in 3 plexuses.

    Cervical Plexus

    • Spinal nerves C1-C4.
    • Innervates muscles attached to the hyoid bone and skin of the neck and back of the head.

    Brachial Plexus

    • Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1.
    • Supplies nerves to the upper limbs, shoulders, and hands.

    Lumbosacral Plexus

    • Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4.
    • Supplies nerves to the lower limbs.

    Diencephalon

    • The diencephalon is part of the forebrain and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
    • The thalamus is a relay center for sensory information.
    • The hypothalamus controls many biological processes, including temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.
    • The epithalamus helps regulate sleep cycles.

    Cerebrum

    • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
    • It is divided into right and left hemispheres, separated by the longitudinal fissure.
    • The cerebrum consists of four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

    Cerebral Cortex

    • Located on the surface of the cerebrum, composed of gray matter.
    • Controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates voluntary movements.

    Cerebral Hemispheres

    • The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and is responsible for math, analytic, and speech.
    • The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and is responsible for music, art, and abstract ideas.
    • The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.

    Lobes of the Brain

    • Frontal lobe: located anteriorly and controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, and smell.
    • Parietal lobe: located on top, evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and taste.
    • Occipital lobe: located posteriorly and functions in vision.
    • Temporal lobe: located laterally, functions in hearing, smell, and memory.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • CSF is a clear fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.
    • It cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord, removes waste products, and helps to transport nutrients.

    Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
    • They are named by Roman numerals.
    • Categorized by function as sensory or motor.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Autonomic neurons innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
    • Autonomic functions are largely controlled unconsciously.
    • The autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

    Enteric Nervous System

    • Enteric neurons are capable of monitoring and controlling the digestive tract independently of the CNS via local reflexes.
    • Stretching of the digestive tract is detected by enteric sensory neurons, which stimulate enteric interneurons.
    • Enteric interneurons stimulate enteric motor neurons, which stimulate glands to secrete.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the reflex arc, a key neural pathway controlling reflex actions. It explores the components involved in reflexes, such as sensory receptors, neurons, and effector organs, along with specific reflex types like the stretch and withdrawal reflexes. Test your knowledge on how these reflexes function and their importance in the nervous system.

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