Refinery Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which catalyst deactivation mode is not mentioned in the text?

  • Attrition (correct)
  • Sintering
  • Poisoning
  • Coking

What is the effect of quinoline on hydrocracking activity?

  • Has no effect
  • Enhances selectivity
  • Increases activity
  • Decreases activity (correct)

Why are acid sites and metal sites provided for reforming reactions?

  • To enhance catalyst stability
  • To improve reaction selectivity (correct)
  • To prevent catalyst deactivation
  • To increase catalyst activity

Which two processes are discussed in Section 4 of the Masters in Energy course?

<p>Hydrocracking and naphtha reforming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of hydrocracking over FCC?

<p>Hydrocracking is more selective in cracking polyaromatics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of hydrocracking?

<p>High pressure causes high consumption of H2 and energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which catalysts are typically used for producing lubricants, diesel, and middle or heavy distillates?

<p>Base metal oxides of Co, Mo, Ni or W supported on acid-treated Al2O3, Al2O3-SiO2 or a zeolite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature range is typically used in the dual stage fixed bed reactors for the hydrocracking process?

<p>375 - 425 °C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of naphtha reforming?

<p>To increase the octane number of naphtha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical catalyst used for naphtha reforming?

<p>Pt or Pt-Re supported on g-Al2O3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mode of deactivation for hydrocracking catalysts?

<p>High amounts of metals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hydrocracking activity greatly decreased by the presence of quinoline in higher amounts?

<p>Quinoline inhibits the catalytic reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Re in Pt-Re/Al2O3 catalyst used for reforming process?

<p>To enhance the selectivity of the catalyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two important refinery processes are discussed in Section 4 of the Masters in Energy course?

<p>Hydrocracking and catalytic reforming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of hydrocracking over fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)?

<p>Hydrocracking can selectively crack polyaromatics to produce gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, while FCC is not as selective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of hydrocracking?

<p>High pressure of H2 causes high consumption of H2 and energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal oxides are commonly used as catalysts for producing lubricants, diesel, and middle or heavy distillates?

<p>Co, Mo, Ni, or W (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shape-selective zeolite is commonly used as a catalyst for producing gasoline from S and N-free feeds?

<p>ZSM-5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of injecting cold high pressure H2 between the two fixed bed reactors in the hydrocracking process?

<p>To cool the product stream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical BET area of g-Al2O3 used as a catalyst for naphtha reforming?

<p>200 m2/g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hydrocracking?

<p>To selectively crack polyaromatics to gasoline, diesel fuel, or jet fuel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of hydrocracking?

<p>High consumption of hydrogen and energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical temperature range used in hydrocracking?

<p>290 - 525 °C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are acid sites and metal sites provided for performing reforming reactions?

<p>To enhance the selectivity of the reforming reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main purposes of hydrocracking and catalytic reforming?

<p>To reduce the sulfur content in the feedstock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will you do as a refinery manager if your refinery receives a gas oil supply containing high amounts of metals, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds?

<p>Minimize the formation of light gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal oxides are commonly used as catalysts for producing lubricants, diesel, and middle or heavy distillates?

<p>Co, Mo, Ni or W (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of naphtha reforming?

<p>Increasing octane number of naphtha cut (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical catalyst used for naphtha reforming?

<p>Pt or Pt-Re supported on g-Al2O3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Re in Pt-Re/Al2O3 catalyst used for reforming process?

<p>To improve the catalyst life by preventing coking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seismic wave can travel through liquid media?

<p>P-waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth is composed of the crust and portion of the uppermost mantle that deforms by brittle deformation between rigid plates?

<p>Lithosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanical boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere called?

<p>LAB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical boundary between the crust and the mantle called?

<p>Moho (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic types of rock?

<p>Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of wave is associated with particle motion and travel direction?

<p>Rayleigh waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mineralogical phase change that occurs at the Moho?

<p>From basalt to peridotite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the upper mantle deforms by viscous flow?

<p>Asthenosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crust is generally younger, thinner, and consists of basaltic rocks?

<p>Oceanic crust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of the mantle dominated by?

<p>Olivene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

<p>Alfred Wegener (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Motonori Matuyama's discovery of magnetic polarity reversals provide evidence for?

<p>Plate tectonics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Vine and Matthews find evidence for in the Pacific?

<p>Seafloor spreading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of tectonic plates?

<p>Mantle convection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plate boundary occurs where plates pull apart, faults and earthquakes occur, and volcanic rocks are produced?

<p>Divergent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock is typically found at divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Basalt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which type of plate boundary do plates collide, faults and earthquakes occur, and the downgoing oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle?

<p>Convergent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volcanic material is typically associated with convergent plate boundaries?

<p>Andesite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of earthquake is associated with subducting plates at convergent plate boundaries?

<p>Deep earthquakes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of subduction and collision of two continents at a convergent plate boundary?

<p>Formation of a mountain belt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphism occurs during continental collision at convergent plate boundaries?

<p>Regional metamorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rock undergoes textural and mineralogical changes when deformed, pressurized, and heated?

<p>Metamorphic rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plate boundary occurs when one plate slides past another with a strike-slip motion?

<p>Transform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential geological event can occur along a curved transform plate boundary?

<p>Sticking and buildup of stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is new lithosphere created?

<p>At mid-ocean ridges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of earthquakes occur in regions of sea-floor spreading and subduction zones?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is produced at seafloor spreading centers?

<p>Basalt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which geological regions are metamorphic rocks produced?

<p>Both subduction and collision regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lies along the San Andreas Fault?

<p>A transform plate boundary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of plate tectonics?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attrition

A catalyst deactivation mode due to wear and tear.

Quinoline's effect

Quinoline decreases hydrocracking activity.

Acid and metal sites

Provided for increasing selectivity in reforming reactions.

Hydrocracking and naphtha reforming

Two key processes in petroleum refining.

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Hydrocracking advantage

More selective in cracking polyaromatics than FCC.

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Hydrocracking disadvantage

High pressure leads to greater consumption of H2 and energy.

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Base metal oxides

Catalysts like Co, Mo, Ni or W on modified Al2O3.

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Temperature range in hydrocracking

Typically between 375 - 425 °C.

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Purpose of naphtha reforming

To increase the octane number of naphtha.

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Catalysts for naphtha reforming

Pt or Pt-Re supported on g-Al2O3.

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Mode of hydrocracking deactivation

High amounts of metals lead to catalyst deactivation.

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Effect of quinoline presence

Inhibits catalytic reactions with higher amounts.

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Role of Re in catalysts

Enhances selectivity and improves catalyst life.

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Hydrocracking purpose

To crack polyaromatics into fuels like gasoline and diesel.

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High consumption in hydrocracking

Due to high H2 pressure and energy demands.

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Typical temperature for hydrocracking

Ranges from 290 - 525 °C.

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Hydrocracking and catalytic reforming goals

Reduce sulfur content in feedstock.

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Handling high metal-content gas oil

Minimize formation of light gases in refinery operations.

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Types of rocks

Three basics: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.

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P-waves

Seismic waves that can travel through liquids.

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Lithosphere

The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust.

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LAB

The boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere.

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Moho

The chemical boundary between crust and mantle.

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Rayleigh waves

Seismic waves characterized by particle motion.

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Moho's mineral change

Transition from basalt to peridotite at the Moho.

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Asthenosphere

Upper mantle region that deforms through viscous flow.

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Oceanic crust

Younger, thinner crust made of basalt.

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Continental drift theory

Proposed by Alfred Wegener, explaining continent movement.

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Magnetic polarity reversals

Evidence provided by Matuyama for plate tectonics.

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Seafloor spreading evidence

Found by Vine and Matthews in the Pacific.

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Tectonic plate movement driver

Driven by mantle convection.

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Divergent boundaries

Plates pull apart, creating faults and volcanoes.

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Basalt at divergent boundaries

Common rock type formed as plates separate.

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Convergent boundaries

Where plates collide, leading to subduction.

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Volcanic material at convergent boundaries

Typically andesite due to subduction.

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Deep earthquakes

Associated with subduction at convergent boundaries.

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Mountain belt formation

Result of continental collision at convergent boundaries.

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