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What is a significant health risk associated with untreated rectal prolapse?
What is a significant health risk associated with untreated rectal prolapse?
Rectal prolapse occurs most commonly in young pigs due to diarrhea or weak supporting tissues.
Rectal prolapse occurs most commonly in young pigs due to diarrhea or weak supporting tissues.
True
What is the primary function of the rectum?
What is the primary function of the rectum?
Storage site for feces until defecation
In rectal prolapse, the rectum can evert from partial to __________ prolapse.
In rectal prolapse, the rectum can evert from partial to __________ prolapse.
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Match the animal with the typical age range affected by rectal prolapse:
Match the animal with the typical age range affected by rectal prolapse:
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Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is located retroperitoneally in the context of rectal prolapse?
Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is located retroperitoneally in the context of rectal prolapse?
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The length of the prolapsed tissue is unrelated to prognosis and treatment options.
The length of the prolapsed tissue is unrelated to prognosis and treatment options.
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What type of structure controls the expulsion of feces?
What type of structure controls the expulsion of feces?
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What is the primary goal of submucosal resection in the context of a prolapse?
What is the primary goal of submucosal resection in the context of a prolapse?
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Amputation of the rectum should be considered in cases of minor tissue trauma.
Amputation of the rectum should be considered in cases of minor tissue trauma.
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What technique is used when the prolapsed mucosa is healthy but the mucosa is necrotic?
What technique is used when the prolapsed mucosa is healthy but the mucosa is necrotic?
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The purse-string suture is usually left in place for _____ days.
The purse-string suture is usually left in place for _____ days.
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Match the following procedures with their correct descriptions:
Match the following procedures with their correct descriptions:
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Which circumstance would not require more aggressive treatment of a prolapse?
Which circumstance would not require more aggressive treatment of a prolapse?
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Gentle pressure may be applied to reposition the prolapse.
Gentle pressure may be applied to reposition the prolapse.
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What instrument is mentioned for use during the initial steps of submucosal resection?
What instrument is mentioned for use during the initial steps of submucosal resection?
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What is typically included in the post-operative care for rectal prolapse?
What is typically included in the post-operative care for rectal prolapse?
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Antibiotics are not necessary in post-operative care following rectal prolapse surgery.
Antibiotics are not necessary in post-operative care following rectal prolapse surgery.
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What is a common complication that may arise after rectal prolapse surgery?
What is a common complication that may arise after rectal prolapse surgery?
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The use of __________ can help ease defecation in post-operative care.
The use of __________ can help ease defecation in post-operative care.
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Match the following post-operative care elements with their purposes:
Match the following post-operative care elements with their purposes:
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What rare occurrence might happen due to failure of the suture line?
What rare occurrence might happen due to failure of the suture line?
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Necrosis can occur if the blood supply to the prolapsed tissue is compromised.
Necrosis can occur if the blood supply to the prolapsed tissue is compromised.
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What is the goal of retrograde hydropulsion?
What is the goal of retrograde hydropulsion?
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What should be done if straining continues after rectal prolapse surgery?
What should be done if straining continues after rectal prolapse surgery?
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The Pezzar catheter should be secured to the body wall after placement.
The Pezzar catheter should be secured to the body wall after placement.
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What is the duration for antimicrobial treatment post-surgery?
What is the duration for antimicrobial treatment post-surgery?
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The technique used to close the bladder after surgery is a two-layer _______ suture.
The technique used to close the bladder after surgery is a two-layer _______ suture.
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Match the complications with their type:
Match the complications with their type:
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Which medication is commonly used for pain management after surgery?
Which medication is commonly used for pain management after surgery?
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It is acceptable to remove the tube after 5 days if the patient is urinating.
It is acceptable to remove the tube after 5 days if the patient is urinating.
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What should be done if dripping from the tube stops?
What should be done if dripping from the tube stops?
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What type of organism causes Thelaziasis?
What type of organism causes Thelaziasis?
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Thelazia spp. are primarily transmitted by biting flies.
Thelazia spp. are primarily transmitted by biting flies.
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Name one species of Thelazia that affects cattle.
Name one species of Thelazia that affects cattle.
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The face fly, known scientifically as _____, serves as the intermediate host for Thelazia nematodes.
The face fly, known scientifically as _____, serves as the intermediate host for Thelazia nematodes.
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Match the Thelazia species with their descriptions:
Match the Thelazia species with their descriptions:
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What is the prepatent period for Thelazia species?
What is the prepatent period for Thelazia species?
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Male Thelazia worms have fewer pairs of pre-cloacal papillae than females.
Male Thelazia worms have fewer pairs of pre-cloacal papillae than females.
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What are the two features of Thelazia gulosa mentioned in the document?
What are the two features of Thelazia gulosa mentioned in the document?
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What is the primary goal of avoiding the rectum during the surgical procedure?
What is the primary goal of avoiding the rectum during the surgical procedure?
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The internal iliac artery runs vertically across the pelvis.
The internal iliac artery runs vertically across the pelvis.
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What type of anesthesia is administered during the procedure?
What type of anesthesia is administered during the procedure?
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The ______________ technique involves a needle being inserted vaginally to create a horizontal mattress suture.
The ______________ technique involves a needle being inserted vaginally to create a horizontal mattress suture.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is a possible complication of the Minchev pexy procedure?
What is a possible complication of the Minchev pexy procedure?
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Postoperative care involves leaving sutures in place until parturition or at least three weeks for non-pregnant animals.
Postoperative care involves leaving sutures in place until parturition or at least three weeks for non-pregnant animals.
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What should be done if the sutures enter the rectum?
What should be done if the sutures enter the rectum?
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Study Notes
Cystotomy
- Cystotomy is a surgical procedure involving the incision into the urinary bladder
- It's performed for various therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, such as removing stones, tumors, or foreign bodies, repairing bladder tissues, and exploration.
Relevant Anatomy
- The urinary bladder is a muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity.
- It has distinct layers: serosa (outermost), muscularis (detrusor muscle), submucosa (rich in blood vessels and elastic fibers), and mucosa (transitional epithelium)
- Anatomical relationships: It's related to the umbilical ligament remnants, rectum in males or reproductive tract in females.
- Blood supply: internal pudendal and umbilical arteries.
- Innervation: sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves from the pelvic plexus.
Indication
-
Mineral Composition (Foreign Bodies):
- Struvite (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate): most common in sheep and goats.
- Calcium Carbonate: found mainly in horses.
- Calcium Phosphate: common in cattle.
- Silica: frequent in cattle and sheep on grain diets.
-
Risk Factors and Formation:
- Dietary Factors: high grain diets, insufficient water intake, and mineral imbalances (Ca:P ratio).
-
Rupture Bladder:
- Urethral Obstruction
- Trauma (parturition, breeding, falls)
- Severe Inflammation
- Pressure necrosis from distension
-
Neoplasia Growth (rare):
- Transitional cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Metastatic tumors
Species Predisposition
- Cattle: Males are more affected due to anatomical structure. Higher risk in feedlot animals; common in young, rapidly growing animals
- Sheep and Goats: Males (particularly castrated) at highest risk. Early-castrated animals at increased risk.
- Horses: No significant gender predisposition. More common in aged animals; performance horses at increased risk.
Surgical Procedure
- Bladder Exposure and Exploration: Incision through linea alba or paramedian adjacent to the prepuce; perform either paramedian or midline celiotomy; Identify bladder, Exteriorize the urinary bladder, Place two 3-0 stay sutures at dorsal bladder aspects, Incise bladder near trigone/pelvic urethra
- Preoperative Positioning: Patient: dorsal recumbency, General anesthesia, Surgical site: caudal abdomen, adjacent to prepuce, Skin incision: 10-30 cm (size-dependent).
- Stone Removal: Aspirate and lavage (trigone, bladder neck, & most proximal urethra), Remove adhered uroliths (soft-edged surgical spoon), Clear uroliths attached to bladder wall with fibrin or cellular debris, Flush bladder, Retrograde hydropulsion with 5-10 Fr catheter.
- Urethral Obstruction Management: Attempt normograde urethral catheterization (8-10 French polypropylene catheter), Perform hydropulsion with saline, Exercise caution to avoid urethral rupture. If needed, perform retrograde hydropulsion (Assistant occludes distal urethra, Surgeon occludes proximal urethra), Goal: Maximize urethral dilation
- Closure Techniques: Bladder: two-layer inverting 3-0 absorbable suture, Stay sutures: trim, secure, Body wall: Routine closure with subcutaneous Continuous 2-0 absorbable/Linea alba: Continuous 0 slowly absorbing, Skin: Nonabsorbable Ford interlocking/continuous
- Catheter Management: Secure Pezzar to body wall, Align with preputial opening, Fingertrap knot to the Pezzar
Post Treatment (medications)
- Antimicrobials: Broad-spectrum coverage, typically 7-14 days.
- Pain Management: NSAIDs (Flunixin meglumine, Phenylbutazone), Opioids (as needed).
- Fluid Therapy: Maintenance requirements, Electrolyte monitoring, pH management.
Complications
- Immediate Complications (Surgical): Hemorrhage, Bladder rupture, Anaesthetic complications, Contamination.
- Immediate Complications (Post-Operative): Urinary leakage, Infection, Ileus, Pain management issues.
- Long-Term Complications (Medical): Recurrent urolithiasis, Chronic cystitis, Bladder dysfunction, Adhesion formation.
- Long-Term Complications (Management): Incisional herniation, Persistent urinary issues, Behavioral changes, reduced performance
References
Note: Reference information included in the images are listed in the document, the citations from the image data have been omitted from this study note.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge on rectal prolapse, focusing on its causes, surgical interventions, and involved anatomy. Learn about the animals most affected and the management strategies for this condition. Perfect for veterinary students and professionals alike.
