Recombinant DNA Technology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when scientists alter the genetic makeup of an organism?

Genetic engineering

What are the small, often circular DNA molecules found in bacteria called?

Plasmids

What is the term for any vehicle used to ferry a desired DNA sequence into a host cell?

Vector

What type of enzyme isolated from bacteria cuts DNA molecules at specific sequences?

<p>Restriction enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making identical copies of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence called?

<p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an organism to be transgenic, or genetically modified?

<p>It means that one or more DNA sequences from another species have been introduced by artificial means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method that lets scientists change the DNA of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, and animals?

<p>Genome editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recent genome editing technology that involves clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9?

<p>CRISPR-Cas9</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experimental technique for treating disease by altering the patient's genetic material?

<p>Gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a process involved in genetic engineering?

<p>Transcription of the gene of interest into messenger RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods utilizes "gene guns" to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues?

<p>Biolistics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods involves increasing the pore sizes of bacterial membranes by treating them with CaCl2 and applying a heat shock?

<p>Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods involves the use of an electric shock to expand the pores in cell membranes, enabling plasmid DNA entry?

<p>Electroporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to screen recombinant cells?

<p>Transformation of the host cell with the recombinant plasmid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques allows scientists to select for transformed cells by providing them with an antibiotic resistance gene?

<p>Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques relies on the production of visible or fluorescent products by inserted genes for identifying transformed cells?

<p>Selection of transformed cells with the desired gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques uses PCR reactions to confirm the presence of a desired gene or plasmid sequence in a DNA sample?

<p>PCR detection of plasmid DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of producing human insulin through genetic engineering, what is the first step?

<p>A small piece of circular DNA called a plasmid is extracted from the bacteria or yeast cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of producing human insulin through genetic engineering, what is the second step?

<p>A small section is then cut out of the circular plasmid by restriction enzymes (molecular scissors).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of recombinant DNA technology in the food and agriculture industry?

<p>Production of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of recombinant DNA technology in health and disease?

<p>Production of pesticides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an environmental application of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Development of new food sources for human consumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical breeding involves the use of recombinant DNA technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology involves altering the genetic makeup of an organism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cry1Ab gene, which provides insect resistance, is found in the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetically modified cry1Ab gene in Bt corn is directly inserted into the corn plant from Bacillus thuringiensis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of Bt corn involves crossing genetically modified corn plants with existing corn lines to enhance traits other than insect resistance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic engineering can be used to alter traits such as intelligence and beauty in humans.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gene editing for human traits should always be considered ethically and socially responsible.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genetic Engineering

Process of altering an organism's DNA using recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different organisms.

Plasmid

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria used in genetic engineering.

Vector

A vehicle, often a virus or plasmid, used to transport DNA into host cells.

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Restriction Enzyme

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences, essential for rDNA technology.

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Cloning

Making identical copies of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence.

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Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that have DNA from another species introduced into their genome.

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Genome Editing

Techniques that change the DNA of an organism at specific locations.

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Gene Therapy

Experimental treatment that alters a patient's genetic material to treat diseases.

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Biolistics

A method that uses a gene gun to fire DNA-coated pellets into plant tissues.

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Heat Shock Treatment

A technique used to increase the permeability of bacterial membranes to introduce plasmids.

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Electroporation

Method using an electric shock to increase cell membrane permeability for DNA introduction.

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Selection Marker

A gene included in a plasmid that allows for identification of 'transformants' by antibiotic resistance.

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PCR Detection

A technique to amplify DNA sequences to confirm the presence of a gene.

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Cry 1Ab Gene

A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis used to make crops insect-resistant.

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Golden Rice

Genetically modified rice enriched with Vitamin A to combat deficiency.

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Bt Corn

Corn that has been genetically modified to include the Cry protein for insect protection.

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Gene of Interest

The specific gene that is targeted for modification in genetic engineering.

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Human Insulin Production

A process of using bacteria to produce insulin through recombinant DNA.

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Applications of rDNA Technology

Uses of recombinant DNA in food, health, and environmental sectors.

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Microbial Strains

Genetically modified microbes used to produce enzymes for various industries.

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Nutritional Enhancement

Improving the nutritional profile of crops using genetic modification.

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Disease Resistance

Genetic modifications that help plants resist diseases or pests.

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Transgenic Plants

Plants that have been genetically altered to express new traits.

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Chimeric Antibodies

Antibodies created from different species used for treatment in humans.

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Fermentation Vessels

Large containers used to grow genetically modified bacteria or yeast for product production.

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Phytoremediation

Using plants to absorb and remove contaminants from the environment.

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CRISPR-Cas9

A genome editing technology that allows precise alterations in DNA.

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Recombinant Proteins

Proteins produced through recombinant DNA technology for various applications.

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Study Notes

Recombinant DNA

  • Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology alters an organism's genetic makeup by directly manipulating one or more genes
  • It involves adding a gene from another species to the organism's genome to achieve a desired phenotype
  • Also known as gene modification, it changes DNA, including altering/adding base pairs, deleting regions, copying genes, or transferring DNA from another organism
  • Modifies traits by introducing new ones, enhancing existing ones via increased gene expression, or disrupting gene inhibition
  • Plasmids are small, often circular DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate independently
  • Vectors, like viruses or plasmids, carry desired DNA sequences into a host cell
  • Restriction enzymes, isolated from bacteria, cut DNA molecules at specific sequences, crucial for rDNA technology
  • Cloning produces identical copies of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence; molecular cloning amplifies DNA sequences
  • Transgenic organisms contain DNA sequences from other species

Genetic Engineering Processes

  • Processes include DNA cutting by restriction enzymes
  • Selecting an appropriate vector (e.g., plasmid carrying a gene of interest)
  • Ligating (joining) the gene of interest to the vector
  • Inserting the recombinant plasmid into a host, allowing replication
  • Selecting cells that contain the gene
  • Sequencing of the gene

Methods of Plasmid Introduction

  • Biolistics: DNA-coated pellets are fired into plant tissues, enabling cells to take up the plasmid and express the desired protein
  • Heat Shock Treatment: making bacterial cells competent by using CaCl2, incubating the cells with plasmid before a heat shock, which increases membrane pore size, letting plasmid DNA enter
  • Electroporation: using electrical pulses to create temporary pores in the membrane, allowing plasmid DNA entry; method used for mammalian cells

Methods to Screen Recombinant Cells

  • Antibiotic resistance: cells with the plasmid containing a resistance gene survive in antibiotic presence
  • Selection markers: these markers give visible signs of the inserted gene presence (e.g., colored or fluorescent products)

Example: Production of Human Insulin

  • Extract a plasmid from bacteria/yeast
  • Cut the plasmid using restriction enzymes, creating a gap
  • Insert the human insulin gene into the gap
  • Introduce the modified plasmid into bacteria/yeast cells
  • Allow cells to divide and produce large quantities of insulin
  • Filter the mixture to isolate insulin
  • Purify and package for distribution

Food and Applications of Recombinant DNA

  • Manufacturing novel enzymes (lipases, amylases)
  • Developing modified microbial strains (reduced toxicity)
  • Producing proteins for industries and medicine
  • Creating plants with enhanced traits (e.g., herbicide tolerance, disease resistance)

Health Applications of Recombinant DNA

  • Treatment of diseases like ADA-SCID
  • Cancer treatment strategies (e.g., tumor suppressor genes)
  • Production of antibodies (e.g., for viral infections)

Environmental Applications of Recombinant DNA

  • Phytoremediation (using plants to remove contaminants)
  • Energy production (e.g., converting CO2 into fuels)

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General Biology 2 Qtr 3 Week 1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on recombinant DNA technology and gene modification. This quiz covers key concepts like plasmids, vectors, and cloning techniques. Explore the methods used to alter genetic material and the implications of creating transgenic organisms.

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