Recombinant DNA Technology

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Questions and Answers

What is the most accurate definition of biotechnology?

  • The study of ancient civilizations through their artifacts and biological remains.
  • The use of advanced computer algorithms to simulate complex biological processes.
  • The application of living organisms or biological systems to create valuable products. (correct)
  • The branch of physics that deals with biological systems and their mechanics.

Which of the following actions is the most precise definition of genetic engineering?

  • Analyzing the structure and function of proteins within a cell.
  • Studying the inheritance patterns of traits from parents to offspring.
  • Modifying an organism’s genetic material by adding, altering, or removing specific genes. (correct)
  • Observing the natural mutations that occur within a population over time.

What is the best description of a genome?

  • The set of proteins found within a cell at a given time.
  • The physical traits and characteristics displayed by an organism.
  • The collection of all RNA molecules present in an organism.
  • The complete set of DNA, including all genes, in an organism. (correct)

What is the most accurate definition of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>A technology that involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do restriction enzymes function in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>They cut DNA molecules at specific recognition sequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the creation of recombinant DNA?

<p>To seal DNA fragments together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recombinant DNA technology, what best describes Plasmids?

<p>Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria, used as vectors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gene cloning?

<p>To produce a large number of identical copies of a specific gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of steps in creating recombinant DNA?

<p>Cut DNA, insert gene into plasmid, seal gene with ligase, introduce into host cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a host cell replicates after recombinant DNA has been introduced?

<p>The host cell makes multiple copies of the gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental purpose of PCR?

<p>To amplify DNA, creating millions of copies from a small sample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the denaturation step of PCR?

<p>Heat is used to break the hydrogen bonds, separating DNA strands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primers in the annealing step of PCR?

<p>To attach to specific sequences on the single-stranded DNA to initiate replication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA polymerase during the extension step of PCR?

<p>To add nucleotides to the primers and build new DNA strands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the specificity of restriction enzymes contribute to recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It ensures that DNA is cleaved at precise locations, enabling targeted gene insertion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using plasmids as vectors in recombinant DNA technology rather than using linear DNA fragments?

<p>Plasmids are self-replicating and can propagate independently within host cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the primers used in PCR to be specific to the target DNA sequence?

<p>To ensure that only the desired segment of DNA is amplified. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature cycling in PCR (denaturation, annealing, extension) contribute to the amplification of DNA?

<p>The cycles facilitate the separation of DNA strands and the binding of primers and synthesis of new strands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential ethical concerns arise from the use of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering?

<p>The potential for unforeseen ecological impacts from releasing genetically modified organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential limitations or challenges associated with using PCR in diagnostic applications?

<p>The possibility of contamination leading to false positive results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Biotechnology?

The use of living organisms or systems to develop useful products.

Genetic Engineering

Process of manipulating an organism's DNA.

Genome

The complete set of DNA within an organism.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic material.

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Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

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DNA Ligase

Enzyme that joins DNA fragments together.

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Plasmids

Circular DNA found in bacteria, used as vectors.

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Gene Cloning

Making identical copies of a gene.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Amplify DNA, making millions of copies from a small sample.

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Denaturation (PCR)

Heat DNA to break strands apart during PCR.

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Annealing (PCR)

Primers attach to single-stranded DNA during PCR.

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Extension (PCR)

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to build new strands during PCR.

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Study Notes

  • Biotechnology uses living organisms or biological systems to develop useful products.
  • Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism’s DNA by inserting, modifying, or deleting genes.
  • A genome is the complete set of DNA in an organism.

Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA from different sources to create new genetic material.
  • Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, such as EcoRI.
  • DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together.
  • Plasmids are circular DNA found in bacteria and are often used as vectors for recombinant DNA.
  • Gene cloning makes identical copies of a gene for further study or application.

Process of Creating Recombinant DNA

  • DNA is cut using restriction enzymes.
  • The desired gene is inserted into a plasmid (vector).
  • DNA ligase is used to seal the gene into the plasmid.
  • Recombinant DNA is introduced into a host cell, such as bacteria.
  • The host cell replicates, producing multiple copies of the gene.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

  • PCR amplifies DNA, creating millions of copies from a small sample.

Steps of PCR

  • Denaturation: Heat is used to break DNA strands apart.
  • Annealing: Primers attach to single-stranded DNA.
  • Extension: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to build new strands.

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