Reality, Knowledge, and Personal Knowledge Statements

• Encompasses everything perceptible through the five senses and personal experiences.
• Characterized by tangibility and independent existence, not contingent on imagination or invention.
• Defined by Phillip Dick as that which persists even when disbelief arises.
• It includes both the "real world" of observation and experience, and the "theoretical world" of ideas and concepts.

Knowledge

• It is formed when the real and theoretical worlds connect.
• It is built from facts, feelings, and experiences that shape an individual's reality.
• Defined as the state of awareness, consciousness, or familiarity acquired through experience or learning.
• The organized information residing in the mind.
• It stems from diverse sources like academic study, experiences, and general awareness.

Knowledge Statements

• A collection of knowledge acquired through studies or personal experiences.

Personal Knowledge Statement

• Unique to an individual.
• Requires public sharing and community acceptance.
• Often needs persuasive efforts to be accepted as truth.

Community/Disciple Knowledge Statement

• It is based on majority agreement within a community.
• Undergoes a review process to meet set standards and criteria before official recognition.

Mainstream Knowledge

• Normalized, pre-existing knowledge widely accepted.

Common Sense Knowledge

• Arises from experience.
• Transforms from knowledge through experience.

Conventional Philosophical Approaches

• Approaches for knowledge generation.

Scientific Approach

• Objective, independent of the observer.
• Example: A phone is the object itself.

Interpretive Approach (Non-Scientific)

• Dependent on the observer's experience.
• Example: A chair might remind someone of their teacher.

Philosophical Approaches by Logical Foundations

Ontology

• The study of reality and the nature of existence.
• It involves fact without explanation.
• It explores the essence of what is real.
• A commonly agreed upon knowledge statement.
• It addresses questions about the nature of reality: objective or constructed.
• Example: The reality of a calamansi's sour taste.

Epistemology

• Focuses on knowledge, its acquisition, and understanding.
• Considers the nature and explanation of knowledge.
• Subjective, dependent on individual experience.
• Considers what we can know about reality.
• Knowledge enables answering questions.

Module B: Scientific Inquiry, Technology & Society

Pre-Modern Personalities: Melesians

• Lived on the island of Miletus around 600 B.C.
• Challenged superstitious beliefs.
• Philosophers questioned the fundamental composition of reality.
• Thales believed water was the originating principle of nature.
• Pythagoras, creator of the Pythagorean theorem, insisted on proof before acceptance.
• He considered eating beans sinful.
• He drowned a student for revealing irrational numbers.
• Aristotle founded both science and philosophy of Science.
• He used deduction (general to specific) and induction (specific to general).
• He sought generalization for prediction.
• He wrote on physics, astronomy, psychology, biology, and chemistry.
• He promoted systematic observation in many fields.
• He focused on induction.
• Claudius Ptolemy created the geocentric model of the universe.
• Ptolemaic Model/Geocentric Model of the Universe: Earth is the center of the universe.
• He was an cartographer, with 8,000 recorded locations on his map.
• His geocentric model was influential to the Roman Catholic Church.

Extra info

• Nicholas Copernicus created the heliocentric model of the universe, with the sun at the center.
• Geoheliocentric: The sun and moon orbit the Earth, while other planets orbit the sun.

Modern Period: Francis Bacon

• A famous figure in the scientific revolution.
• He designed a system of logic to improve the existing philosophy and promoted the scientific method.

Scientific Method

• It involves Scientists gathering facts from observation and experiments and forming inductive inferences about natural patterns.

Rene Descartes

• A mathematician, scientist, and philosopher.
• Developed the Cartesians Coordinate System and promoted deductive reasoning.
• The basis of all science is math.
• "I think, therefore I am" - cogito ergo sum
• His philosophical arguments and epistemological perspective are respected.
• He considered pure reason superior to observation.
• He reasoned thoughts were definitively real.
• The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the sciences is his treatise.

Early 20th Period: Philosophical Twist

• Karl Raimond Popper was an Austrian-British professor
• He rejected the inductive view of scientific method.
• Empirical sciences can't be proven, but can be falsified.
• Falsification: gathering evidence to test something.
• Empirical Falsification: a theory is falsifiable if contradicted by empirical testing.

Scientific Statement/Theory Criteria

• Must be guided by natural law.
• Must be explanatory by referencing natural law.
• Must be testable against the empirical world.
• The conclusions are tentative.
• Must be falsifiable.
• Example: Big Bang Theory

Scientific Method

• Systematic process involving: systematic observation, measurements, experiments, formulation, testing and modification of hypothesis.

Steps:

1. Observation: akin to a child's exploration.
2. Formulate a question: to solve natural phenomenon problems.
3. Hypothesis: a research guess.
4. Experiment: to investigate if the real world behaves per hypothesis.
5. Data Gathering and Analysis: getting results.
6. Conclusion: hypothesis acceptance or rejection.

Statistical Hypothesis

• Ho: null hypothesis (-)
• Ha: alternative hypothesis (+)

Major Viewpoints

• Major viewpoints of Scientists in a Social world.
• Scientific Naturalism: natural sciences.
• Interpretivist: focuses on language, signs.

Other Concepts

• Scientific Theory: Explains, but cannot predict.
• Scientific Law: Describes and predicts.
• General Relativity Gravity: Albert Einstein focused on gravity in space-time, theory

Miscellaneous

Technology

• "Techne" - art or craft.
• "Logia"- logic, reason or plan.
• Application of science and knowledge.

The Stone Age

• Use of wood/rock tools.
• Discovery of fire.

Industrial Revolution

• Mass production via machinery.

Module C: Major Civilizations and Historical Ascedents of Science and Technology

• BCE: before the common era.
• CE: common era.

Major Driving Forces Behind S&t

• Survival.
• Improved the quality of life.
• Everyday tasks easier.

Early Concerns

• Transportation
• Communication
• Weapons and armors
• Conservation of life and architecture

Ancient Times: Asia: Chinese Civilizations

• China was an isolated ancient civilization.
• Agriculture and metalworking came independently to China.
• Entire civilization rested on agrarian foundations.
• Late Paleolithic: they roamed the grasslands and survived by gathering wild millet.
• Hunter-gatherers of millets
• Yellow River is named for the color it assumes because of loess.
• Farming: Terracing and irrigation, millet, barley, soy, and hemp in yellow, windblown soil.
• Loess: a type of dust-like soil that is very fine and usually yellowish.
• KEY REGIONS: Dry northern flatlands and better-watered southern valleys.
• South rice culture and hunting. North importance than millet.
• reverence for ancestors, family importance, prestige of educated written word.
• CLAIMS TO FAME: Bronze ware, ceramics, silk, historical literature, poetry, metallurgy, gunpowder, The Great Wall of China.

Africa: Mesopotamia and Egypt

• Mesopotamia in present-day SE Iraq.

Natufians

• Early agriculture practices.
• In the Near East, first farming settlements.
• Levantine Corridor first farming settlements.
• Tigris and Euphrates valleys = Mesopotamia.

Sumerian Civilization

• Tigris and Euphrates originate from Turkey.
• Established first human civilization.
• CLAIMS TO FAME: post and lintel systems, wheel invention, irrigation system powered by gravity.
• Cities built with more than 100,000 people in each city.
• Calendar was developed, writing system.
• Start system of writing started as pictography later evolved into the phonetically written language.
• Uruk City - the one who initiated the building of this city was King Gilgamesh.
• Made Irrigation and Dikes act as a water control base.
• Sailboats
• Babel

Babylonian Civilization

• Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• Great builders
• Hanging garden of Babylon

Egyptian Civilization: Nile River

• Flows for 6400 km (longest in the world, flows in a northward direction).
• Flows gently in the late summer.
• CLAIMS TO FAME: paper, mastery of stone, pyramids, hieroglyphics, wig, water clock/clepsydra, and cosmetic.

Europe: Greece and Rome

• Greece: mountains and coast with small island; sailors
• Rome: middle of Italy; farmers
• Classical Greek with notable people and war.
• Roman applying scientific knowledge to everyday problems of society.

Americas: exhibits a tremendous range of cultures and physical environments

• 3 waves; Amerindians-Beringia; Archaeological revolution archaeological began as early as 5500 BCE in Mexico where chile and pumpkin were planted. Mesoamerican Civilizations

Inventions

• Provide solution to problem; Improve the quality of the product
• ex): printing press, microscope

War Weapons

• Made for the purpose of the prevalence of combat in the middle ages.

Science and Technology in the Phillipines

• Rizal Annotated edition of Sucesos de las Islas Annotated edition of Life before the Spanish Colonization
• Events revolves around the famous events during to the colonization of the Spanish.

Evidence of Ancient Kapampangan Life: Candaba Swamps

• Evidence found in this region such as "Dr. Wilhelm Solheim" identified some with incised.

Modern Inventions

• Pasteurization the process of heating, Petroleum etc.

Module D: Intellectual Revolutions

• 4th Century BCE - Plato, galileo, newton law etc.