Readings in Philippine History

• The resource provides information on readings in Philippine history

Important Aspects of Knowing History

• God is important because the Philippines is the only Christian territory Asia, referenced by Psalm 33:12
• The Filipino people have rich cultural heritage, deep knowledge of God's word
• The land is abundant in natural resources

Key Aspects of History

• The Historian / Author provides crucial context
• Place, period, and sources shape historical understanding

Other Names of the Philippines

• Ma-yi means Land of Gold
• Maniolas was named by Greek mapmaker Claudius Ptolemy
• The islands were once called Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• Felipinas was named by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos after Crown Prince Felipe
• Philippine Islands is another name
• It is often called "Pearl of the Orient Seas"

Geographical Information

• Location:
  • Northernmost point is Y'ami
  • Southernmost point is Saluag
  • Westernmost point is Balabac
  • Easternmost point is Pusan Point
• Size:
  • Total land area: 300,780 sq. miles
  • 7,641 islands, about 2,000 inhabited

Definition of History

• History comes from the Greek word "istoria" or "historia," which means knowledge acquired through investigating
• History has been around for about 2,400 years, as old as mathematics and philosophy

Various Historians' Views on History

• Burchardt: "History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another."
• Henry Johnson: "History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened."
• V.S. Smith: "History's value depends on how the present is illuminated by the past."
• Jawaharlal Nehru: "History is the story of man's struggle through the ages."

Nature of History

• It is a study of the present using an understanding of the past
• Includes the study of man and his interactions
• Concerns man in both time and space
• Provides an objective record of happenings
• Multisided and complex
• Dialogue between past events and future outcomes
• Involves continuity and coherence

Relevance & Functions of History

• Helps us understand people and societies
• Helps us with moral understanding
• Provides identity
• Essential for good citizenship
• Useful in the world of work

Historical Sources

Documents

• Written/printed materials produced in the past.

Numerical Records

• Numerical Records contain data in printed or handwritten form.

Oral Statements

• Verbal accounts from individuals giving insights

Relics

• Objects providing insights

Types of Sources

• Primary Sources - Eyewitness testimony, contemporary documents, and physical artifacts
• Secondary Sources - Interpretations and analyses of primary sources

Examples of Primary Sources

• Historical records
• Chronicles
• Human fossils and artifacts
• Royal decrees & laws and official reports
• Memoirs, personal accounts, newspapers & magazines
• Legislative journals & court records

Repositories of Primary Sources

• National Archives of the Philippines
• National Library of the Philippines
• National Historical Commission of the Philippines
• National Museum of the Philippines
• University of the Philippines Main Library
• Library of Congress
• National Archives and Records Administration
• Lopez Memorial Museum and Ayala Museum

Historical Criticism

External Criticism (Authenticity)

• Identifies hoaxes, forgeries, and fabrications
• Tests of authenticity include:
  • Date verification looking for anachronistic elements
  • Author identification looking at handwriting, signature uniqueness
  • Provenance and custody to ensure genuineness confirmation
  • Semantics to test meaning of texts and words
  • Hermeneutics for interpretation and ambiguities in texts

Internal Criticism (Credibility)

• Tests of credibility include:
  • Character of the author to assess reliability and truthfulness
  • Corroboration by seeing if multiple reliable witnesses confirming historical facts

Historical Method

• Historians examines and analyzes records and artifacts
• Historians are removed from events and rely on surviving records
• Historical accounts are a reconstruction of the past

Elements of History & Historiography

• Historiography is the study of historical writing
• Philippine Historiography focuses on documenting and preserving Philippine history

Examples of Secondary Sources

• Books with footnotes/endnotes, conference proceedings, and literary criticism
• Biographies, book reviews, reprints of artwork, journals/magazines that interpret primary sources

Secondary Research Sources

• Books and Periodicals/Magazines
• Indexes and databases
• Internet for market consultants and marketing professionals

TABON CAVES

• Six-year archaeological research in Palawan focused on caves and rock shelters in Lipuun Point
• Dr. Robert Bradford Fox made the discoveries (1962-1968)
• Artifacts recovered range from 50,000 years ago to the 14th century

Tabon Man

• The oldest known human skeletal remains in the Philippines
• Estimated to be from 22,000 - 24,000 years ago

Tabon Cave

• Large main cave where Pleistocene human fossils in the Philippines were found
• Fossil bones from at least three individuals were excavated

Burial Jars

• Tabon Cave Burial Jars - At least 200 jars, jar covers, and small vessels were recovered
• Manunggul Cave was discovered by Victor Decalan, Hans Kasten, and US Peace Corps volunteers in 1964

Manunggul Jar

• It is a unique burial jar unrivaled in Southeast Asia
• It is considered a masterpiece of pottery and indicates early Filipinos' belief in life after death
• Features:
  • A boatman seated behind a figure with crossed hands, a traditional Filipino burial practice, which symbolizes the journey to the afterlife

Manunggul Cave

- Composed of four chambers with three openings, opens the cave to jar burials
- Large round mouth with a tunnel-like structure leading to a second opening on the northeast side of the cliff
- Contains three animal or bird heads surrounding an opening and unique tripod construction

Other Artifacts Found

• Wooden Coffins, La-Huynh Pottery, and Kalayaan Pottery

Chamber B

• Highly decorated funerary items
• Sand-tempering technique
• Showcases different surface colors and burial jar forms, truncated conical jar covers

Types of Pottery Found

• Plain, polished, and impressed

Internal Criticism

• Robert Bradford Fox (1918-1985)
  • Anthropologist and historian specializing in pre-Hispanic Philippines
  • Served at the National Museum of the Philippines (1948-1975)
  • Consultant to the Philippine President on anthropological matters
  • Served as Dean of Brent School, Baguio City
  • Head of the Anthropology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines
  • Taught at the University of the Philippines
  • Presidential Assistant for National Minorities
  • The Tabon Caves are a crucial part of Philippine history, offering evidence of early human civilization
  • Dr. Robert Fox's research played a vital role in unearthing and preserving this rich history

THE MARAGTAS

• Materials for the Study of Philippine History By William Henry Scott

Introduction

• A historical account of Panay Island.
  • Published in 1907 by Kadapig sang Banwa at El Tiempo Press, Iloilo
  • Written in Mixed Hiligaynon and Kiniray-a

Pedro Monteclaro

• Born: October 15, 1850, in Miag-ao, Iloilo
  • Served as Teniente Mayor (1891)
  • Served as Gobernadorcillo (1892-1894)
  • Noted Poet: Wrote in both vernacular and Spanish

Chapter Summaries

Chapter 1

• Anthropological study of Aetas (Negritos) of Panay
• Covers their customs, clothes, dialects, heredity, and organization

Chapter 2

• Arrival of the Ten Datus from Borneo
• Fleeing from the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw
• Purchase of Panay from Datu Marikudo

Chapter 3

• Romance of Datu Sumakwel, Kapinangan, and Garung-garung
• Story of love and betrayal

Chapter 4

• Political arrangements of the Ten Datus
• Their circumnavigation of Panay Island

Chapter 5

• Descriptions of language, commerce, clothing, customs, marriages, funerals, mourning rituals, cockfighting, timekeeping, and calendars

Chapter 6

• List of Spanish officials (1637-1808)
• Epilogue contains Miag-ao historical dates from the 18th century

The Ten Bornean Datus

• Datu Puti (wife: Piangpangan), Datu Sumakwel (wife: Kapinangan), and Datu Bangkaya (wife: Katurong)
• Datu Paiborong (wife: Pabilaan), Datu Paduhinogan (wife: Tibongsapay)
• Datu Dumangsol, Datu Libay, Datu Dumangsil, Datu Dumalogdog, and Datu Balensuela

The Confederation of Madia-as

• Settlements in Panay were established by the seven Bornean datus, the island was divided into three territories

  Hantik - under Datu Sumakwel

  Irong-irong - under Datu Paliburong

  Aklan - under Datu Bangkaya

• Territories united under the Confederation of Madia-as, ruled by Datu Sumakwel
• The Maragtas provides cultural and historical insights into precolonial Panay
• The Ten Datus played a significant role in shaping the early history of the Philippines
• Datu Sumakwel emerged as the leader of the Confederation of Madia-as

President Emilio Aguinaldo

Early Life and Education

• Born in Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), Cavite on March 22, 1869
• Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran but did not finish
• Became the municipal captain of Cavite el Viejo in 1895
• Joined the Katipunan under the name "Magdalo"

Revolutionary Campaigns

• Led several successful battles against the Spanish in Cavite
• Became the leader of the Magdalo faction within the Katipunan
• Played a key role in the Battle of Binakayan, a major victory for the Katipunan

KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: Memoirs of a General

• Key Figures of the Revolution

Santiago Alvarez

• Revolutionary general and honorary president of the Nacionalista Party
• Known as "Kidlat ng Apoy" (Lightning of Fire)
• Hero of the Battle of Dalahican, a major victory for Filipino forces

Paula Carolina Malay

• Graduate of the University of the Philippines
• Translator of Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General

Gen. Artemio Ricarte

• Regarded as the Father of the Philippine Army
• First Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Revolutionary leader, first and youngest President of the Philippines
• Led forces against Spain during the revolution

Raymundo Mata

• Fellow Caviteño

Jacinto Lumbreras

• Magdiwang faction leader and first presiding officer of the Tejeros Convention
• Member of the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio

• Founder of the Katipunan
• First leader of the Philippine Revolution
• First self-declared President of an independent Philippines

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

• Filipino physician and major figure in the Philippine Revolution
• Responsible for establishing Katipunan factions in Morong (Rizal) and Bulacan

Gregoria de Jesus

• Founder and Vice-President of the Katipunan's women's chapter
• Wife of Andres Bonifacio

Jose Dizon

• Filipino patriot, among the founders of the Katipunan

Significant Events

• March 14, 1896 - Saturday
  • Gen. Santiago Alvarez accompanied Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Mata to Manila for their initiation into the Katipunan
  • Initiation took place at the home of Andres Bonifacio as they pledged to destroy oppression, signing their names in their own blood
• April 6, 1896 - Monday
  • Aguinaldo and Santiago met Andres Bonifacio in Binondo, Manila where they were introduced to Gregoria de Jesus, Jose Dizon, and Dr. Pio Valenzuela
• April 1896 - Good Friday
  • There was an establishment of the Provincial Council of the Katipunan
  • Magdiwang Government formed with Mariano Alvarez as President, and the Magdiwang Council was recognized as the supreme organ for military campaigns

Katipunan (KKK) - Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

• Secret revolutionary organization founded by Andres Bonifacio
• Led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
• Derived from "tipon", meaning "gather"

Teodoro A. Agoncillo - Prominent Historian

• Born: November 8, 1912, in Lemery, Batangas
• Pioneered writing Filipino history from a Filipino perspective
• Key works:
  • Revolts of the Masses (1956)
  • Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic (1960)
  • Fateful Years (1965)
  • History of the Filipino People (1960) which served as a standard University textbook
• Recognized as a National Scientist in 1985
• Education: BA and MA from the University of the Philippines
• Served as:
  • Linguistic Assistant at the Institute of National Language
  • Instructor: Far Eastern University and Manuel L. Quezon University
  • Chair of the UP History Department (1963-1969)
  • Member of the National Historical Institute until his death in 1985
• The Katipunan played a pivotal role in sparking the Philippine Revolution
• The Battle of Dalahican was a significant victory for Filipino forces
• The leadership of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, and Alvarez shaped the country's revolutionary struggle
• Teodoro Agoncillo's historical works continue to serve as a foundation for understanding Philippine history

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS & KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN

• Customs of the Tagalogs By Juan de Plasencia and Katilla ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto

Customs of the Tagalogs by Juan de Plasencia

• Spanish Franciscan priest who arrived in the Philippines on July 2, 1577
• Established primary schools and compiled a Tagalog grammar and vocabulary
• Author of Customs of the Tagalogs and Doctrina Christiana and died in Lilio, Laguna, in 1590

Social Classes

• Datu - Chief, war leader, and ruler obeyed by the people
• Maharlika (Nobles) - Free-born class who did not pay attribute but assisted in warr
• Aliping Namamahay (Commoners) - Class that had property, lived in their homes, and served their masters
• Aliping Saguiguilid (Slaves) - Served in their master's house and could be sold

Marriage Customs

• Dowries were given by men to the woman's family

Religious Beliefs

• Bathala: Supreme deity
• Sacred animals and Trees were worshiped
• Naganitos were collective worship ceremonies
• Temple where people hosted house of worship
• Various Deities & Spirits:
  • Dian Masalanta was the Patron of lovers
  • Lakapti & Idianale were the Deities of agriculture
  • Buaya (Crocodile) was Revered water creature

Supernatural Beings & Practices

• Catalonan were Spiritual leaders, male or female
• Mangagauay the Witches that deceived by pretending to heal
• Mancocolam emitted fire at night, also known as sorcerers
• Osuang were the Sorcerers who were said to fly and eat human flesh
• Pangatahojan were the Soothsayers who predicted the future
• Bayoguin were known as Men inclined towards femininity

Burial Customs

• The deceased was buried beside their home
• Chiefs were placed beneath a small house or porch
• Mourning lasted four days and Warriors were buried with a living slave beneath them accompanied by great Feasting

Kartilla ng Katipunan By Emilio Jacinto

• Born December 12, 1875, in Tondo, Manila
• Joined the Katipunan at 19
• Advisor to Andres Bonifacio and editor of the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan
• Also used "Dimasilaw" as a pseudonym in publications and "Pingkian" within the secret society
• Recognized as The Brain of the Katipunan
• Studied at San Juan de Letran and the University of Santo Tomas but left to join the revolution

Role in the Revolution

• Authored the Kartilla ng Katipunan, a guide to the values and principles of the revolution
• Developed a deep friendship with Bonifacio and had a major influence on the Katipunan's ideology
• The Customs of the Tagalogs provided an early anthropological view of pre-colonial Filipino society
• The Kartilla ng Katipunan became the guiding moral code for the Philippine revolution

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

Antonio Lombardo Pigafetta (1441-1531)

• Venetian scholar and explorer who served as Magellan's assistant
• One of 18 survivors (out of 240 men) who completed navigating around the world in 1522

Key Events of the Voyage

March 16-18, 1521

• First island sightings

March 25-27, 1521

• Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson, Alarien

March 28, 1521

• Pigafetta takes notes of early filpino life after the Spanish made contact

Philippine Revolution and Declaration of Independence

• Political Unrest, Independence, Apolinario Mabini and the revolution

The Voyage

• Voyage lasted 2 years, 11 mons, 16 days
• Pigafetta account provides record between Europeans and Filipinos

Apolinario Mabini

• "brain of the Philippine revolution" and advisor to Emilio Aguinaldo