Reading Techniques and Non-Prose Reading

• Study notes with comprehensive details extracted from provided text.

Reading Techniques

• Skimming is rapidly moving eyes over text to get the main ideas
• Scanning rapidly covers material to locate a specific fact or piece of information
• Phrase Reading involves reading and interpreting groups of words or phrases, rather than focusing on individual words

Non-Prose Reading

• Non-prose or graphic materials use illustrated visual forms
• These forms summarize information and ideas through words, symbols, pictures, and drawings

Graphs

• Visually represent quantitative information
• Quickly show how gathered data relate
• Examples include bar graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, and pictographs

Diagrams

• Made of lines and symbols showing interrelationships
• Show parts or elements, steps of a process, or key features of an object or area
• Examples include tree charts, timelines, technical diagrams, and process diagrams

Charts

• Summarize data, explain processes, or describe relationships
• Examples include tabular charts, outline charts, flow charts, and organizational charts

Maps

• Flat representations of the earth showing geographical areas
• Use scales and models to highlight features, boundaries, and locations

Note Taking Systems

• Note-taking is writing down or recording key points of information
• The Cornell Method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes
• This method involves labeling each idea and detail with a key word or "cue" in the left-hand space after writing notes in the main space

Other Note Taking Methods

• Outlining is best for science classes like physics or math
• Mapping uses comprehension/concentration skills, evolving in a note-taking form that relates facts or ideas to each other; it is a graphic representation of the lecture
• Charting is used when the lecture format is distinct (e.g., chronological), using columns and headings in a table

Summarizing

• Restating main ideas or key points in your own words
• Condensing information to capture essential elements without unnecessary details

Topic

• The main subject or focus of a text or discussion

Main Idea

• Conveys the overall message or purpose

Generalization

• A broad statement about what a group of people or things have in common

Inference

• Reaching a conclusion about something from known facts or evidence

Clause

• Groups of words with a subject and a verb

Independent Clause

• Can stand alone because they express complete thoughts

Dependent Clause

• Also known as a subordinate clause, it cannot stand alone
• Three types: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses

Adjective Clause

• A dependent clause functioning as an adjective
• Often introduced by relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, that, which) or relative adverbs (where, when, why)

Adverb Clause

• A dependent clause functioning as an adverb
• Introduced by subordinating conjunctions (after, before, if, since, until)

Noun Clause

• A dependent clause functioning as a noun

Declarative Sentence

• Makes a statement and ends with a period

Imperative Sentence

• Gives a command

Interrogative Sentence

• Asks a question

Exclamatory Sentence

• Indicates strong emotion

Simple Sentence

• Contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses
• Expresses one main idea

Compound Sentence

• Two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses
• Clauses connected with a comma and a coordinating conjunction, or a semicolon

Coordinating Conjunctions

• Glue together similar words, phrases, or clauses (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Complex Sentence

• One independent clause and at least one dependent clause
• Subordinating conjunctions combine the clauses

Compound-Complex Sentence

• A compound sentence and a complex sentence combined
• Has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause

Paragraph Structure

• A distinct section of writing dealing with a particular point or idea
• Consists of multiple sentences, starting with an indentation or space with ideas organized in a coherent manner

Paragraph Elements

• Topic Sentence: introduces the main idea
• Supporting Sentences: elaborate on the topic sentence with details, examples, or explanations
• Concluding Sentence: wraps up or reinforces the main point

Paragraph Goal

• To focus on a single idea or concept and provide clear, detailed information

Cue in a Paragraph

• Coherence: transition words guide logical flow
• Unity: the topic sentence focuses on one main idea
• Emphasis: cues like "most importantly" highlight key points or ideas