Reading Models and Processes

<p>They learn through experience and repeated exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed representation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DRC model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because of conflict at the phoneme level between the two routes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-frequency words are accessed faster in the mental lexicon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is closely related to lexical decision time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be determined more rapidly by a dictionary look-up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phonemic recoding hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage in the non-lexical route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to orthography-to-phonology connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage in the lexical route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthography-to-phonology connections becoming overly specialized for pronouncing consistent words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transforming print to speech and/or print to meaning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To uncover the components of the information-processing system of reading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simulate how humans read single words through computer programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partial or complete loss of the ability to read subsequent to a brain lesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lasting impairment in the acquisition of the ability to read (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At a glance for common words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Models that suggest reading involves interconnected processing units.

PDP models are also known as Connectionist models.

Information is represented by patterns of activation across many interconnected processing units.

PDP models learn through experience and repeated exposure.

A key feature is distributed representation.

PDP models align with brain function through distributed processing.

The DRC model is considered superior for simulating dyslexia patterns.

Irregular words are read slower due to conflict at the phoneme level between the two routes.

High-frequency words are accessed faster in the mental lexicon.

Naming time is closely related to lexical decision time.

Pronunciation can be determined more rapidly by a dictionary look-up.

Forster & Chambers study challenges the phonemic recoding hypothesis.

Phonological dyslexia is caused by damage in the non-lexical route.

Caused by damage to orthography-to-phonology connections.

Surface dyslexia arises from damage in the lexical route.

Surface dyslexia is caused by overly specialized connections for consistent words.

Reading is transforming print to speech and/or print to meaning.

A goal is to uncover the components of the information-processing system of reading.

They simulate how humans read single words through computer programs.

Developmental dyslexia is a reading difficulty present from early learning stages.

The process includes the non-lexical route relating orthography to phonology.

The non-lexical route uses spelling-sound relationships to derive pronunciation.

It works with regular words and patterns.

It does not rely on memory retrieval of words.

It can lead to errors due to irregularities in pronunciation.

The non-lexical route allows for pronunciation of novel words based on rules.

The lexical route uses known words to access the mental lexicon.

Works for familiar words that are already stored in memory.

It does not work for novel or unknown words since they are not stored.

Excitatory connections amplify signals while inhibitory connections dampen them.

There's no feedback influence in the non-lexical route beyond letter units.

Two routes do not race against each other when reading.

Under time pressure, readers may default to faster but less accurate routes.

Transparent languages have consistent spelling-sound relationships; opaque languages do not.

Both DRC models and human readers show effects of word familiarity.

High-frequency words are read faster than low-frequency words due to familiarity.

Regular words are read faster than irregular words, especially low-frequency ones due to consistent patterns.

Non-words with larger orthographic neighborhoods are read faster due to similarity.

Non-words that resemble real words are read faster.

Longer non-words take longer to read; real words are less affected by length.

Irregular words are read correctly through direct retrieval from memory.

Nonwords are understood as phonological attempts despite lack of meaning.