Reading and Writing: Third Quarter Notes

Reading and Writing: Third Quarter Notes

• Reading is a thinking process involving interpreting and reconstructing printed symbols
• Comprehension is understanding what one reads and identified as the most important part of reading.

Reading as a Complex Process

• Reading involves understanding, a series of stages, mental representations, and strategies
• Reading is situationally-bound, meaning stages and text types vary; it depends on various variables
• Reading is not decoding which is pronouncing words instead reading needs understanding
• Accuracy + fluency = reading proficiency
• Accuracy is the ability to understand what one reads
• Fluency is the ability to read text smoothly

Characteristics of a Good Reader

• Good readers strategically monitor interactive processes to aid comprehension
• Good readers are activated to read and learn, are socially active around reading tasks, and are mentally engaged.

Reading Stages of Development by Prof. Jeanne Chall

• Stage 0: Pre-reading (0-6 y/o): "I want" stage; reading readiness and oral language development
• Stage 1: Initial reading (6-7 y/o): "I start" stage; decoding stage where a child is aware of sound-letter relationships, basic spelling/syllables
• Stage 2: Confirmation & fluency (7-8 y/o): "I improve" stage; develops speed, reading, and fluency; child becomes "glued to the print" but develops fluency without understanding
• Stage 3: Reading for learning "the new" (8-14 y/o): "I acquire" stage; a child learns/gains information through reading
• Stage 4: Multiple viewpoints (15-18 y/o): "I explore" stage; reading and understanding others' perspectives
• Stage 5: Construction and reconstruction (18 y/o and above): "I decide" stage; gains ability to give opinions and construct new knowledge through synthesis and analysis

Schemata

• Schemata are the ability to understand texts based on past experiences, background knowledge, and acquired information

The Reading Process

• The reading process involves recognizing symbols, assigning meanings based on schemata, relating schemata with author's ideas, adjusting, modifying, applying, and constructing new knowledge

Ways of Processing

• Bottom-up processing is based on printed symbols, structure, spelling, and organization
• Top-down processing (6-7 y/o) is based on experiences to relate to the text
• Interactive processing is a combination of bottom-up and top-down, considered the most ideal

Importance of Reading

• Reading can increase one's vocabulary
• Reading can provide knowledge of different places
• Reading can help compare and improve someone's writing style
• Reading can keep you updated with current events
• Reading can improve critical thinking
• Reading can enable one to form informed opinions

Value of Reading: How to be a Better Reader

• Reconstruct your schedule to makes reading part of your daily routine
• Ensure you Read in an environment that's conducive for it
• Ask yourself questions about the text to stay mentally engaged
• Define your goals and ask yourself the reason for reading
• Investigate further by reading other texts and explore
• Negotiate with environment by creating on conducive for reading,
• Gauge your reading capability, check your level of reading.

Types of Reading

• Purpose: aims and objectives
  • Skimming: get the general idea of the text (rapid-survey reading)
  • Scanning: get a specific detail (search reading)
  • Intensive/Functional: reading field of expertise (Content-area reading)
  • Extensive/Recreational: Reading for entertainment (Light-type of reading) ex comics and novels
  • Detailed Study: Applicable to all fields uses SQ3R technique (Survey, Question, Reading, Recall, Review)
  • Literature: Finding meaning of literary pieces ex man vs man, man vs society, and man vs nature
• Performance: How one understands the text or methods one uses to read the text
  • Speed-reading: Read fast, Skimming and Scanning
  • Sub-vocalized: Reading words internally (in your head)
  • Proofreading: Spot errors and correct them
  • Structure Proposition Evaluation(SPE) by Mortimer Adler: To evaluate text Recognize the language structure, Make inferences (hypothesize), Evaluate the text
• Program: Instructions given on how to read a text
  • Read-aloud: Reciting a text out loud Shared Reading: Taking turns reading a text with another person
  • Guided Reading: An instructor/teacher provides support or guidance as you read.
  • Fluency: Enhance smoothness of reading
  • Independent: Free to choose what to read
  • Development: The person goes through each stage of reading
  • Selective: Selecting important parts of the text
  • Remedial: Helps struggling readers
• Strategic uses META reading which uses META cognition and has numerous reading strategies

Hypertexts

• Hypertexts refer to any language or text encoded in any electronic device
• Hyperlinks are typically blue text -Interactive: Reader takes part in choosing what to read
  • Multi-Sequential: Process of reading and understanding vary from one reader to another

Action Items When Reading

• Reviewing, skimming, and scanning give an overview
• Evaluating assesses credibility.
• Synthesizing gathers elements.

Literary Genre

• This is artistic expression, storytelling, and creativity
• It often includes characters, plot, emotions, themes and more

Factual Genre

• This includes real, verifiable information, data, truth, and/or research

Poetry

• Lyric is emotional and usually presented like a musical
  • Simple lyric: Short, emotional poem
  • Song: Contains lyrics with melody
  • Sonnet: 14-line poem, specific rhyme scheme
  • Elegy: poem to express sorrow or mourning, for someone who has passed.
  • Ode: poem of admiration.

Narrative

• This is where events are described in a structured manner
• Ballad: a song-like poem that tells a story
• Epic - recounts the deeds/adventures of a character and/or a hero
• Metric Tales: Poems in meter, wherein the story is told through a structured verse
• Metric romances: Tells of adventure written in metrical verse

Dramatic

• Dramatic uses dialogue elements
• Dramatic Monologue: type of poem in where a character speaks thoughts to audience
• Soliloquy: where character expresses thoughts
• Character sketch refers to the traits of the character

Fictional

• Fictions are based on real and true stories

Essay genre

• Essay: a writer that presents viewpoint, that is an argument with analysis on the topic or idea
• Biography: an account or a persons life written by someone else
• Letter: written message addressed to a specific person that can be mailed
• Diary: a personal reflective record of daily experience

Factual Genres

• Procedure: A guide with a step-by-step process
• Explanation: A how or what questions for things that happen
• Exposition: Facts, arguments, and ideas used to persuade.
• Recount: In chronological order of events
• Information: finding regarding topics

Narrative and Expository Text

• Narrative: Tell the sequence of the story, has events
• Events of a narrative:
  • Initiating is starting event of the story
  • Internal response is the character thought/events
  • attempt is the actions on the problem
  • consequence is the result of the actions
  • reaction is the character's reaction to the outcome

Expository Text

• Expository text informs, describes, or explains topic
• Types of expository:
  • Enumeration is data recorded in list
  • Time orders are recounting in chronological order
  • Cause and Effect is relationship of two events
  • Problem and solution: identifying and addressing problem

Structure of an Expository Text

• Has Introduction
• Has Body
• And an ending

Critical Thinking and Reading

• Critical Thinking:
  • Analysis is interpreting, and evaluating text
  • Judging of logical, credible and bias
  • Deeper is to evaluate the true meaning

Idea Types

• Stated is explicitly mentioned
• Implied is reading between the lines

Making Inferences

• Implied meanings
  • Perseverance leads to success and despite failure, there wasn't a give up
  • Power of Media that helps gain fame in traditional competitions
  • Context hints are founds that helps readers determine the difficult words

Types of Context Clues

• Definition - the meaning is directly stated
• Synonym the similar word nearby
• Antonym is opposite meaning
• Sample is help define
• Inference and meaning that are needs for "reading between the lines"

Writer's Block

• A condition wherein a writer struggles to start or continue writing due to lacking ideas, motivation, or confidence
• Causes of writer's block:
  • Feeling overwhelmed
  • Unable to generate ideas -Procrastinating feeling's stuck before beginning

Solutions For Writer's Block

• Positive self talk
• Brainstorm ideas
• Let ideas come naturally
• Write in small sections
• Set the writing in fix time
• Accept the first has it
• Change environment
• Reinvent what you do
• Find motivation

Graphic Organizers

• A systematic illustration of ideas from a text read
• Shows relationships and shares elements
• Compare and contrast between elements
• Analyze the cause and show the effect
• Represent elements, steps, activities in order

Figures of Speech

• Simile is a comparison between 2 things Metaphor is direct comparison Alliteration is the same constant Synecdoche the other voice Irony expression is opposite