Reading and Writing Skills

Preliminary Study of Reading and Writing

• Reading is foundational to education.
• Reading serves as a path to new experiences, knowledge, and one's development.

Significance of Reading

• Reading provides entertainment through comic strips.
• Reading provides knowledge, like trivia.
• Reading imparts morals, discussing values from sources like the Bible and Koran.
• Reading provides historical insights.
• Reading offers practical knowledge through recipes and manuals.
• Reading stimulates imagination through fiction.

Process of Reading

Perception

• Recognition of printed symbols and the ability to pronounce sounds.
• All five senses are used to perceive and read.
• Standard: Filipino Alphabet

Comprehension

• Understanding of printed symbols or words.

Reaction

• Assessing the accuracy, quality, value, and feelings within a text.

Integration

• Connecting and applying the reader's prior and new experiences in real life.

Theories of Reading

Bottom-up

• Proceeds from the book to the reader.
• Characterized as traditional, behaviorist, data-driven, outside-in, and one-way passive.

Top-down

• Proceeds from the reader to the book.
• Characterized as cognitive, concept-driven, inside-out, and one-way active.

Interactive

• Characterized as bi-directional or a two-way process.

Schema

• Refers to the brain's role in reading.

Reading Skills

Speed Skills

• Perceiving or looking at a wider range
• Looking at more words at once.
• Reading at a faster pace.
• Reducing eye regressions.

Understanding Skills

• Cultivating vocabulary
• Understanding paragraphs.
• Following printed cues or hints.
• Skimming and scanning.
• Reading and understanding difficult material.

Reading Speed Categories

• Average speed: 250 words per minute with 70-90% comprehension.
• Good speed: 500-600 words per minute with 90-95% comprehension of free level material.
• Excellent speed: 1,000 words per minute.

Characteristics of readers by speed

• Average readers recognize words
• Active readers possess important eye movements with minimal regression.

Introduction to Research in Language and Filipino Culture

Definition of Research

• Careful, critical, and disciplined inquiry using various techniques based on the nature and condition of an identified problem. The purpose is clarification and/or resolution.
• Defined by Good
• Systematic study or investigation to answer a researcher's questions.
• Defined by Manuel and Medel

Characteristics of Research

• Systematic, meticulously planned, original, controlled, empirical, and diligent.
• Objective, logical, and unbiased.
• Uses quantitative or statistical methods.
• Requires courage/fortitude from the researcher.

Objectives of Research

• Find solutions to problems.
• Advance knowledge.
• Answer questions.

Three Types of Research

• Basic or Pure Research aims to contribute and expand knowledge.
• Applied Research aims to create new products, processes, or techniques.
• Action Research analyzes a specific problem and requires rapid action.

Filipino Research by Virgilio Enriquez

• The study should use Filipino language
• Consider the interests of the participants and originate the topic from them.
• Choose topics beneficial to the Filipino community.
• Study various ways of investigating phenomena according to Filipino customs.
• Focus on Filipino context, setting, practices, and spirit.
• The community should serve as the laboratory.

Research Ethics

• Applying morality and its principles to any activity.
• Guides researchers to avoid violations in the pursuit of knowledge and truth.
• Respects and protects the rights of research participants.

Ethical Issues in Research

Animal Rights and Welfare

• Reduce the number of animals used whenever possible.
• If the result is unfavorable to the animal, adjust the process (Refine).
• Use only animals permitted by science, such as Guinea Pigs (Replace).

Human Rights

• Including the following:
  • Right to Voluntary Participation
  • Right to Informed Consent
  • Right to be Protected from Harm
  • Right to Confidentiality
  • Right to Anonymity

Scientific Dishonesty/Misconduct

• Data fabrication and falsification.
• Failure to publish data.
• Improper data collection methods.
• Plagiarism: passing off another writer's work as one's own.
• The APA (American Psychological Association) or MLA (Modern Language Association) format is often used.

The First Three Parts of Research

Introduction

• Conceptual and Theoretical Framework states the reason for seeking data.
• Data is analyzed to explain the phenomenon and provide a framework.
• The framework states authors' theories underlying the study, encompassing the researcher's concept of the study being conducted.
• Statement of the Problem states the direction to answer specific problems.
• Significance of the Study presents the targets and beneficiaries of the study.

Reading Related Literature

• Related Literature includes information from internet sources, books, and other publications.
• Related Studies include information from research in referred journals (theses and dissertations).

Methodology

• Quantitative includes descriptive and experimental
• Qualitative includes Ethnography and Phenomenology
• Case Study, Grounded Theory, and Historical methodologies.

Selecting a Topic and Searching for Related Literature and Studies

Topic

• The main subject at the center of the research.

The Research Proposal Process

• Choosing a topic and specific objective
• Writing the initial part of the paper
• Preparing and compiling related literature
• Writing the methodology used

Selecting Topic

Considerations

• Adequacy of data
• Time limitation
• Financial capability
• Significance of the topic
• Researcher's interests

Scope Limitations

• Factors that limit the scope:
  • Time
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Perspective
  • Location
  • Profession or Group
  • Type
  • Form or Kind
  • Specific example or case
  • Combination of two or more criteria

Characteristics of a Research Title

• Clear (not figurative)
• Direct (not circuitous)
• Specific (not broad)
• Consisting of 10-20 words

Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature (RRL)

• Information from internet sources, books, other publications.

Related Studies (RRS)

• Information from research in referred journals (theses, dissertations).

Research Components

• Preliminary Page
  • Cover
  • Approval Sheet
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abstract
  • Gratitude
  • Table of Contents

Introduction

• Present the topic to be researched, along with background on:
  • Global
  • National and local issues

Related Literature/Studies

• Provide a concise yet balanced review of relevant published studies.
• Discuss significant findings and results, citing sources appropriately.
• Focus on research journals and avoid textbooks or encyclopedias!

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

• Give paragraphs explaining and expanding on information or ideas related to the research topic.

Significance of the Study

• Present the importance of the study.

Objectives of the Study

• State the specific objectives, beginning with "The objectives of this study are:".

Methodology

• Explain the type of design used in the study
• Discuss the characteristics of the study participants.
• Describe the materials or research tools used in the study. And the steps for validating the reliability of the data.
• Describe the process for gathering data and the steps.
• Describe how the data was analyzed and summarized.
• Consider ethics

How to show appreciation and respect for participants?

• How to ensure the confidentiality of the information?
• How to share the results with the beneficiaries of the study?
• This chapter shows the results of the data collected

Results and Discussion

• Presents material in textual, graphical, or tabular form.
• Figures of each table must have an introduction stating the goal of showing a valid result
• Results may support or contradict related studies

Conclusion and Recommendations

• It is an option whether the conclusion is together or separate.
• Can only include data that has been based from the purpose of the study

Statement of the Problem

• Is considered the heart of research.
• Indicates the direction to answer specific questions.
• Consists of a general problem and related specific problems.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

• Schematic diagram showing the interrelationship of the essential concepts to realize the study.

Building References and Bibliography

References are organized record including:

• Books

• Periodicals

• and websites used in the writing.

• The following format should be followed:

• Author

• Year Published

• Title of Book

• Publisher

Format of Journal, Magazines, and Newspapers

• Author. (Year, Month). Article Title. Journal Name. Newspaper, Magazine. Volume, Page.

Format of electronic

• Author (Year). Article Title. From [URL]

Reminders

• If the article doesn't have an author, put the title in the author section.
• If the paper is missing a date, put (no date) in its place
• Use "&" instead of 'and' in listings.
• Avoid using too old of references
• "Ed" is short for editor, while "e.d." is short for edition.
• They should be in parenthesis after the name
• If you don't know the origins, then the idea may have been created by the writer.