Reactive Dyes and Acid Dyes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which category of dyes reacts through nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions?

  • Direct Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes
  • Acid Dyes
  • Reactive Dyes (correct)

What type of dyes are commonly used for protein fibers and nylon?

  • Basic Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes
  • Acid Dyes (correct)
  • Direct Dyes

Which type of dyes require a carrier to swell the fibers for dye insertion?

  • Basic Dyes
  • Acid Dyes
  • Direct Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes (correct)

At what temperature are reactive dyes fixed by steaming?

<p>100-150 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of dyes is water-soluble but not considered acid dyes?

<p>Direct Dyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dyes require the use of a mordant for attaching to fabrics?

<p>Mordant Dyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) in the atmosphere?

<p>Holding NOx and Cl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is a mild reducing agent and a precursor of weak acid carbon particles?

<p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of excessive carbon dioxide levels on water?

<p>Increases its corrosiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does nitrogen oxides (NOx) play in the Ozone-depleting reservoirs?

<p>Stores reactive/catalytic species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant has a distinctive rotten-egg odor and inhibits the cytochrome oxidase system in the body?

<p>Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere?

<p>Industrial activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical compound is involved in classical smog formation due to its high concentration from coal and vehicle emissions?

<p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of releasing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) into water sources?

<p>Harms aquatic life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide (CO) primarily affect human health when inhaled?

<p>Leads to cellular asphyxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) contribute to Ozone depletion?

<p>Release stable radicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical micelle concentration (CMC) related to?

<p>Surfactants' solubility power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between surfactants and detergents?

<p>Degradability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do soap and detergent differ in hard water?

<p>Soap precipitates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides like DDT have?

<p>Thinning of eggshells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which herbicide is known for being very toxic and having systemic toxicity?

<p>Paraquat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does paraquat produce that leads to cellular damage?

<p>Superoxide anion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group does endosulfan belong to?

<p>Cyclodiene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common use of triazine?

<p>Controlling weeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Agent Orange' was infamous for containing which harmful compound?

<p>$ ext{2,3,7,8 Dibenzo dioxin}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Baygon' falls under which category of pesticides?

<p>$ ext{Insecticides}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nanomaterials commonly used for?

<p>Medicines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pharmaceutical pollutant found in water?

<p>Atenolol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable level of halogenated compounds in water?

<p>80 ppb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an estrogenic substance found in wastewater effluents?

<p>Octachlorostyrene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for organophosphate insecticides?

<p>Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural source of pyrethrins used in insecticide production?

<p>Chrysanthemum flowers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of MTBE (Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether) in gasoline?

<p>Reduce lead emissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a priority pollutant according to the Environmental Protection Agency?

<p>Melamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal degradation pathway for carbamate insecticides?

<p>Hydrolysis and oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ozone when present in the troposphere?

<p>Oxidizes coenzymes like NADP and NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the toxicity order of surfactants from highest to lowest?

<p>Cationic &lt; anionic &lt; nonionic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the environmental concern associated with nonyl phenol and octyl phenol ethoxylates?

<p>They produce estrogen disrupting substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can detergents have on the dissolution of oxygen in bodies of water?

<p>Decrease the available oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pesticide is known for causing thinning of eggshells?

<p>Insecticide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes Paraquat a dangerous herbicide?

<p>It can cause toxicity through various routes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synthesis builders like chelating agents in surfactants?

<p>Enhance surfactant power by overcoming water hardness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of organophosphates with regards to enzyme inhibition?

<p>Competition of enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of carbamates makes them different from organophosphates in terms of their effect on enzymes?

<p>Reversible effect on enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pyrethroids a popular choice for insecticides?

<p>Synthetic nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes malathion toxic to insects but less toxic to animals?

<p>Detoxifying enzyme presence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of action of trihalomethanes in water?

<p>Reaction with organic compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compounds extracted from seaweeds have been used as fire retardants?

<p>Brominated compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of surfactants and detergents?

<p>To dissolve nonpolar substances and denature proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hydrocarbon degradation is true?

<p>Branched hydrocarbons are less easily degraded than linear ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surfactant has the highest toxicity ranking?

<p>Cationic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between surfactants and detergents?

<p>Surfactants contain a carboxylic group, while detergents contain a sulfonate group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pesticide is known for its high toxicity but short half-life?

<p>Organophosphates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of toxicity for the pesticide paraquat?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pesticides is known for its ability to cause thinning of eggshells?

<p>DDT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of pesticides is produced by the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclopentadiene or other substances containing a C-C double bond?

<p>Cyclodiene group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of action for the herbicide paraquat?

<p>Redox cycling with P-450 reductase, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the herbicide Agent Orange?

<p>It contains the toxic intermediate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the concentrations of CO in urban areas?

<p>Density of combustion-engine-powered vehicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of carbon monoxide (CO) in the human body?

<p>It binds to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of occupational exposure to CO?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reaction involved in the formation of CO during incomplete combustion?

<p>$2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding sulfite (SO_3) to boiler feedwaters?

<p>To prevent corrosion by removing free oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reactive oxide of nitrogen found in the troposphere?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dye is known for its high fastness and washing fastness, but is also toxic like chromium?

<p>Mordant dyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Schiff's reagent in dyeing?

<p>To stain bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surfactant is considered the most toxic?

<p>Cationic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the intermediates of surfactant decomposition that are known as endocrine-disrupting compounds?

<p>Nonylphenol and octylphenol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ozone on fatty acids?

<p>Disrupts the Kreb cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic smell associated with Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?

<p>Bitter almond smell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Carbon monoxide (CO) interact with hemoglobin compared to oxygen?

<p>Interacts 100 times better with hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common industrial use of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?

<p>Gold extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Carbon dioxide (CO2) used in water treatment processes?

<p>To reduce water hardness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of Oxygen (O2) mentioned in the text?

<p>It is a toxic gas for humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas can be produced from the decomposition of nitric acid?

<p>$NO_2$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) play in relation to historical statues?

<p>It destroys statues made from calcium carbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Mordant dyes from other types mentioned in the text?

<p>They are cationic in nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Disperse dyes differ from Vat dyes based on their solubility?

<p>Disperse dyes are nonpolar while Vat dyes are also nonpolar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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