Reactive Dyes and Acid Dyes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which category of dyes reacts through nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions?

  • Direct Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes
  • Acid Dyes
  • Reactive Dyes (correct)

    • What type of dyes are commonly used for protein fibers and nylon?

  • Basic Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes
  • Acid Dyes (correct)
  • Direct Dyes

    • Which type of dyes require a carrier to swell the fibers for dye insertion?

  • Basic Dyes
  • Acid Dyes
  • Direct Dyes
  • Disperse Dyes (correct)

    • At what temperature are reactive dyes fixed by steaming?

    <p>100-150 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of dyes is water-soluble but not considered acid dyes?

    <p>Direct Dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dyes require the use of a mordant for attaching to fabrics?

    <p>Mordant Dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) in the atmosphere?

    <p>Holding NOx and Cl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is a mild reducing agent and a precursor of weak acid carbon particles?

    <p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of excessive carbon dioxide levels on water?

    <p>Increases its corrosiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does nitrogen oxides (NOx) play in the Ozone-depleting reservoirs?

    <p>Stores reactive/catalytic species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant has a distinctive rotten-egg odor and inhibits the cytochrome oxidase system in the body?

    <p>Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere?

    <p>Industrial activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical compound is involved in classical smog formation due to its high concentration from coal and vehicle emissions?

    <p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of releasing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) into water sources?

    <p>Harms aquatic life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon monoxide (CO) primarily affect human health when inhaled?

    <p>Leads to cellular asphyxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) contribute to Ozone depletion?

    <p>Release stable radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical micelle concentration (CMC) related to?

    <p>Surfactants' solubility power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between surfactants and detergents?

    <p>Degradability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do soap and detergent differ in hard water?

    <p>Soap precipitates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides like DDT have?

    <p>Thinning of eggshells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herbicide is known for being very toxic and having systemic toxicity?

    <p>Paraquat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does paraquat produce that leads to cellular damage?

    <p>Superoxide anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group does endosulfan belong to?

    <p>Cyclodiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common use of triazine?

    <p>Controlling weeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Agent Orange' was infamous for containing which harmful compound?

    <p>$ ext{2,3,7,8 Dibenzo dioxin}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Baygon' falls under which category of pesticides?

    <p>$ ext{Insecticides}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nanomaterials commonly used for?

    <p>Medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a pharmaceutical pollutant found in water?

    <p>Atenolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable level of halogenated compounds in water?

    <p>80 ppb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an estrogenic substance found in wastewater effluents?

    <p>Octachlorostyrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for organophosphate insecticides?

    <p>Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a natural source of pyrethrins used in insecticide production?

    <p>Chrysanthemum flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of MTBE (Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether) in gasoline?

    <p>Reduce lead emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a priority pollutant according to the Environmental Protection Agency?

    <p>Melamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal degradation pathway for carbamate insecticides?

    <p>Hydrolysis and oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ozone when present in the troposphere?

    <p>Oxidizes coenzymes like NADP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxicity order of surfactants from highest to lowest?

    <p>Cationic &lt; anionic &lt; nonionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental concern associated with nonyl phenol and octyl phenol ethoxylates?

    <p>They produce estrogen disrupting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can detergents have on the dissolution of oxygen in bodies of water?

    <p>Decrease the available oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pesticide is known for causing thinning of eggshells?

    <p>Insecticide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Paraquat a dangerous herbicide?

    <p>It can cause toxicity through various routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synthesis builders like chelating agents in surfactants?

    <p>Enhance surfactant power by overcoming water hardness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of organophosphates with regards to enzyme inhibition?

    <p>Competition of enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of carbamates makes them different from organophosphates in terms of their effect on enzymes?

    <p>Reversible effect on enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pyrethroids a popular choice for insecticides?

    <p>Synthetic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes malathion toxic to insects but less toxic to animals?

    <p>Detoxifying enzyme presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of action of trihalomethanes in water?

    <p>Reaction with organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compounds extracted from seaweeds have been used as fire retardants?

    <p>Brominated compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of surfactants and detergents?

    <p>To dissolve nonpolar substances and denature proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hydrocarbon degradation is true?

    <p>Branched hydrocarbons are less easily degraded than linear ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of surfactant has the highest toxicity ranking?

    <p>Cationic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between surfactants and detergents?

    <p>Surfactants contain a carboxylic group, while detergents contain a sulfonate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pesticide is known for its high toxicity but short half-life?

    <p>Organophosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of toxicity for the pesticide paraquat?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pesticides is known for its ability to cause thinning of eggshells?

    <p>DDT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of pesticides is produced by the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclopentadiene or other substances containing a C-C double bond?

    <p>Cyclodiene group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action for the herbicide paraquat?

    <p>Redox cycling with P-450 reductase, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the herbicide Agent Orange?

    <p>It contains the toxic intermediate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the concentrations of CO in urban areas?

    <p>Density of combustion-engine-powered vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of carbon monoxide (CO) in the human body?

    <p>It binds to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of occupational exposure to CO?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reaction involved in the formation of CO during incomplete combustion?

    <p>$2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding sulfite (SO_3) to boiler feedwaters?

    <p>To prevent corrosion by removing free oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reactive oxide of nitrogen found in the troposphere?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dye is known for its high fastness and washing fastness, but is also toxic like chromium?

    <p>Mordant dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Schiff's reagent in dyeing?

    <p>To stain bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of surfactant is considered the most toxic?

    <p>Cationic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the intermediates of surfactant decomposition that are known as endocrine-disrupting compounds?

    <p>Nonylphenol and octylphenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Ozone on fatty acids?

    <p>Disrupts the Kreb cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic smell associated with Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?

    <p>Bitter almond smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Carbon monoxide (CO) interact with hemoglobin compared to oxygen?

    <p>Interacts 100 times better with hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common industrial use of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?

    <p>Gold extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Carbon dioxide (CO2) used in water treatment processes?

    <p>To reduce water hardness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of Oxygen (O2) mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is a toxic gas for humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas can be produced from the decomposition of nitric acid?

    <p>$NO_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) play in relation to historical statues?

    <p>It destroys statues made from calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Mordant dyes from other types mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are cationic in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Disperse dyes differ from Vat dyes based on their solubility?

    <p>Disperse dyes are nonpolar while Vat dyes are also nonpolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

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