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Questions and Answers
What are the building blocks of ATP?
What are the building blocks of ATP?
Although Ahmad takes vitamin K supplements regularly, his blood still shows low absorption. This could be the result of low intake of which of the following?
Although Ahmad takes vitamin K supplements regularly, his blood still shows low absorption. This could be the result of low intake of which of the following?
A person who is lactose intolerant cannot break milk sugar into which components?
A person who is lactose intolerant cannot break milk sugar into which components?
Ribosomes have the ability to link amino acids to form proteins. What is this process called?
Ribosomes have the ability to link amino acids to form proteins. What is this process called?
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Analysis of an unknown molecule reveals it is composed of more than one phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. What molecule could this be?
Analysis of an unknown molecule reveals it is composed of more than one phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. What molecule could this be?
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Which one of the following forms a bilayer structure that is found in cell membranes?
Which one of the following forms a bilayer structure that is found in cell membranes?
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Molecules of life include which one of the following?
Molecules of life include which one of the following?
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Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle cells would be expected to have more ___ and ___ than most other animal cells.
Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle cells would be expected to have more ___ and ___ than most other animal cells.
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Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of which one of the following sugars?
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of which one of the following sugars?
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Which one of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis reactions in biological systems?
Which one of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis reactions in biological systems?
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What is the primary component of the basement membrane?
What is the primary component of the basement membrane?
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The main component of the plasma membrane is ___
The main component of the plasma membrane is ___
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What's the main basic unit of biological membranes?
What's the main basic unit of biological membranes?
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Proteins are composed of?
Proteins are composed of?
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Polymers like lipids, carbohydrates, and protein are synthesized by their monomers?
Polymers like lipids, carbohydrates, and protein are synthesized by their monomers?
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A cancer patient is given medicine that inhibits the function of the nucleolus. What is the effect on the cell?
A cancer patient is given medicine that inhibits the function of the nucleolus. What is the effect on the cell?
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Which is NOT a part of the plasma membrane’s fluid mosaic characteristic?
Which is NOT a part of the plasma membrane’s fluid mosaic characteristic?
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What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
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The molecules of O2 and CO2 can easily pass through the plasma membrane because?
The molecules of O2 and CO2 can easily pass through the plasma membrane because?
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Which component is responsible for the plasma membrane's mechanical strength and balance between rigidity and flexibility?
Which component is responsible for the plasma membrane's mechanical strength and balance between rigidity and flexibility?
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The structural unit of the plasma membrane is?
The structural unit of the plasma membrane is?
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What is the primary function of pinocytosis?
What is the primary function of pinocytosis?
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What best describes the nature of the heads of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer?
What best describes the nature of the heads of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer?
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In addition to water and proteins, what major component is found in the ground substance?
In addition to water and proteins, what major component is found in the ground substance?
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What is the name of the process that converts disaccharides into monosaccharides?
What is the name of the process that converts disaccharides into monosaccharides?
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What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
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Nucleotides are formed from which of the following?
Nucleotides are formed from which of the following?
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A peptide bond is formed between which of the following?
A peptide bond is formed between which of the following?
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Which of the following is a disaccharide of glucose?
Which of the following is a disaccharide of glucose?
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Which of the following lipids is composed of four carbon rings?
Which of the following lipids is composed of four carbon rings?
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Which of the following is found in all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes?
Which of the following is found in all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes?
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The structure that maintains DNA inside the nucleus is the?
The structure that maintains DNA inside the nucleus is the?
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Specialized cell membrane structures that hold cells together to form tissues are?
Specialized cell membrane structures that hold cells together to form tissues are?
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The combination of a short chain of sugar and a protein molecule on the plasma membrane is called?
The combination of a short chain of sugar and a protein molecule on the plasma membrane is called?
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Benedict's solution reacts with monosaccharides and gives a dark blue color. You have four unlabelled solutions containing glucose, fructose, lactose, and galactose. Which ones should turn dark blue when reacted with Benedict's solution?
Benedict's solution reacts with monosaccharides and gives a dark blue color. You have four unlabelled solutions containing glucose, fructose, lactose, and galactose. Which ones should turn dark blue when reacted with Benedict's solution?
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Which of the following is a correct statement about enzymes?
Which of the following is a correct statement about enzymes?
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Nucleotides are compounds of which of the following?
Nucleotides are compounds of which of the following?
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Which of the following links two sugars together in a disaccharide?
Which of the following links two sugars together in a disaccharide?
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What is the building block of steroid hormones?
What is the building block of steroid hormones?
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Which molecule plays a role in controlling cell membrane fluidity?
Which molecule plays a role in controlling cell membrane fluidity?
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Two test tubes contain two different mixtures. Tube one has a substance found in the skin, while tube two has a substance which is an important component of the environment. What are the substances?
Two test tubes contain two different mixtures. Tube one has a substance found in the skin, while tube two has a substance which is an important component of the environment. What are the substances?
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Hydrolysis is used for which of the following?
Hydrolysis is used for which of the following?
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What is the element that differs between glycogen and ribonucleic acids?
What is the element that differs between glycogen and ribonucleic acids?
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Triglycerides are made up during which process?
Triglycerides are made up during which process?
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An ion researcher studying changes in plasma membrane structure notices that in one experiment, fluidity was drastically decreased, and the membrane became rigid. What was the likely reason for this change?
An ion researcher studying changes in plasma membrane structure notices that in one experiment, fluidity was drastically decreased, and the membrane became rigid. What was the likely reason for this change?
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DNA consists of which of the following?
DNA consists of which of the following?
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Which macromolecule can reduce the risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer?
Which macromolecule can reduce the risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer?
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How many different amino acids can be involved in the synthesis of proteins?
How many different amino acids can be involved in the synthesis of proteins?
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Which part of the lipid bilayer is hydrophilic in the plasma membrane?
Which part of the lipid bilayer is hydrophilic in the plasma membrane?
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In the lipid bilayer, what are phospholipids made of?
In the lipid bilayer, what are phospholipids made of?
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Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as having fluidity?
Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as having fluidity?
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Which of the following is hydrolysis used for?
Which of the following is hydrolysis used for?
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Which of the following is true of glycosidic bonds?
Which of the following is true of glycosidic bonds?
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Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions?
Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions?
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What is the monomer of antibodies?
What is the monomer of antibodies?
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Which of the following cannot be seen by the naked eye or by light microscope?
Which of the following cannot be seen by the naked eye or by light microscope?
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What is the plasma membrane described as mosaic because?
What is the plasma membrane described as mosaic because?
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Which side do the polar heads of phospholipids face?
Which side do the polar heads of phospholipids face?
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Which of the following makes the plasma membrane less deformable?
Which of the following makes the plasma membrane less deformable?
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During a race, why is it safer for marathon runners to take sports drinks which usually contain 8% carbohydrates rather than drinking pure water?
During a race, why is it safer for marathon runners to take sports drinks which usually contain 8% carbohydrates rather than drinking pure water?
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Study Notes
ATP Building Blocks
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
Vitamin K and Triglycerides
- Vitamin K absorption is linked to triglyceride intake.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose intolerant individuals lack the enzymes needed to break down lactose into glucose and galactose.
Ribosomes and Dehydration Synthesis
- Ribosomes connect amino acids to create proteins through dehydration synthesis, removing water.
Identifying Organic Molecules
- A molecule containing more than one phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base is likely ATP.
Phospholipids and Cell Membranes
- Phospholipids form a bilayer structure found in cell membranes.
Molecules of Life
- Molecules of life include water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and carbohydrates.
Mitochondria and Muscle Cells
- Muscle cells require more energy and therefore have more mitochondria and glycogen than most other cells.
Disaccharide Composition
- Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
Hydrolysis in Biological Systems
- Hydrolysis reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones and are essential for digestion.
Basement Membrane Composition
- The primary component of the basement membrane is protein.
Plasma Membrane Main Component
- The primary component of the plasma membrane is phospholipid.
Biological Membrane Building Blocks
- Phospholipids form the basic unit of biological membranes.
Proteins and Amino Acids
- Proteins are composed of amino acids.
Polymers and Dehydration Synthesis
- Polymers like lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are synthesized by removing water from their monomers.
Nucleolus Function and Inhibition
- The nucleolus produces ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. Inhibiting the nucleolus reduces ribosome production and protein synthesis.
Plasma Membrane Fluidity
- The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic due to the movement of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins within the structure. DNA is not a component of the plasma membrane.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Plasma Membrane Permeability
- Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can easily pass through the plasma membrane because they are small and nonpolar.
Cholesterol and Plasma Membrane Strength
- Cholesterol contributes to the mechanical strength and flexibility of the plasma membrane.
Plasma Membrane Structural Unit
- Phospholipids form the structural unit of the plasma membrane.
Pinocytosis
- Pinocytosis is the process where cells take in fluids.
Phospholipid Head Properties
- The heads of phospholipids are water-soluble, meaning they are hydrophilic.
Ground Substance Composition
- The ground substance of connective tissue is composed of water, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Disaccharide Breakdown
- Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Plasma Membrane Components
- The plasma membrane is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Nucleotide Composition
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one phosphate group.
Peptide Bond Formation
- Peptide bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
Glucose Disaccharide
- Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose.
Cholesterol Structure
- Cholesterol is a lipid composed of four carbon rings.
Universal Cell Components
- All prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA), and a plasma membrane.
Nuclear Structure
- The nuclear membrane encloses DNA within the nucleus.
Cell Adhesion
- Adhesion proteins help hold cells together to form tissues.
Glycoprotein Structure
- A glycoprotein is a combination of a short chain of sugar and a protein molecule found in the plasma membrane.
Benedict's Test for Monosaccharides
- Benedict's solution reacts with monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose, turning them dark blue.
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
Nucleotide Components
- Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Glycosidic Bonds
- Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form polysaccharides.
Anabolic Reactions
- Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones. They are dehydration reactions and require energy.
Antibody Monomer
- Antibodies are made up of amino acid monomers.
Microscopic Observations
- Frog eggs, glycolipids, heart cells, and onion cells can all be observed under a light microscope, sometimes with aid of light.
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane is described as a mosaic because it is a mixture of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Phospholipid Orientation in Bilayer
- The polar heads of phospholipids face the extracellular and intracellular fluid, while the nonpolar tails face the interior region of the bilayer.
Cholesterol and Membrane Deformability
- Cholesterol makes the plasma membrane less deformable.
Sports Drinks for Marathon Runners
- Sports drinks containing carbohydrates are isotonic to body fluids, preventing dehydration and promoting hydration during endurance activities.
ATP Structure
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
Vitamin K and Triglycerides
- Vitamin K absorption is linked to triglyceride intake.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose intolerant individuals lack the enzymes needed to break down lactose into glucose and galactose.
Ribosomes and Dehydration Synthesis
- Ribosomes connect amino acids to create proteins through dehydration synthesis, removing water.
Identifying Organic Molecules
- A molecule containing more than one phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base is likely ATP.
Phospholipids and Cell Membranes
- Phospholipids form a bilayer structure found in cell membranes.
Molecules of Life
- Molecules of life include water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and carbohydrates.
Mitochondria and Muscle Cells
- Muscle cells require more energy and therefore have more mitochondria and glycogen than most other cells.
Disaccharide Composition
- Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
Hydrolysis in Biological Systems
- Hydrolysis reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones and are essential for digestion.
Basement Membrane Composition
- The primary component of the basement membrane is protein.
Plasma Membrane Main Component
- The primary component of the plasma membrane is phospholipid.
Biological Membrane Building Blocks
- Phospholipids form the basic unit of biological membranes.
Proteins and Amino Acids
- Proteins are composed of amino acids.
Polymers and Dehydration Synthesis
- Polymers like lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are synthesized by removing water from their monomers.
Nucleolus Function and Inhibition
- The nucleolus produces ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. Inhibiting the nucleolus reduces ribosome production and protein synthesis.
Plasma Membrane Fluidity
- The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic due to the movement of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins within the structure. DNA is not a component of the plasma membrane.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Plasma Membrane Permeability
- Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can easily pass through the plasma membrane because they are small and nonpolar. This is the KEY to gas exchange in our bodies.
Cholesterol and Plasma Membrane Strength
- Cholesterol contributes to the mechanical strength and flexibility of the plasma membrane.
Plasma Membrane Structural Unit
- Phospholipids form the structural unit of the plasma membrane.
Pinocytosis
- Pinocytosis is the process where cells take in fluids. This is one method of endocytosis.
Phospholipid Head Properties
- The heads of phospholipids are water-soluble, meaning they are hydrophilic.
Ground Substance Composition
- The ground substance of connective tissue is composed of water, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Disaccharide Breakdown
- Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Plasma Membrane Components
- The plasma membrane is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Nucleotide Composition
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one phosphate group.
Peptide Bond Formation
- Peptide bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. This is a dehydration reaction.
Glucose Disaccharide
- Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose.
Cholesterol Structure
- Cholesterol is a lipid composed of four carbon rings.
Universal Cell Components
- All prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA), and a plasma membrane.
Nuclear Structure
- The nuclear membrane encloses DNA within the nucleus.
Cell Adhesion
- Adhesion proteins help hold cells together to form tissues.
Glycoprotein Structure
- A glycoprotein is a combination of a short chain of sugar and a protein molecule found in the plasma membrane.
Benedict's Test for Monosaccharides
- Benedict's solution reacts with monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose, turning them dark blue.
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
Nucleotide Components
- Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Glycosidic Bonds
- Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form polysaccharides.
Anabolic Reactions
- Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones. They are dehydration reactions and require energy.
Antibody Monomer
- Antibodies are made up of amino acid monomers.
Microscopic Observations
- Frog eggs, glycolipids, heart cells, and onion cells can all be observed under a light microscope, sometimes with aid of light.
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane is described as a mosaic because it is a mixture of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Phospholipid Orientation in Bilayer
- The polar heads of phospholipids face the extracellular and intracellular fluid, while the nonpolar tails face the interior region of the bilayer.
Cholesterol and Membrane Deformability
- Cholesterol makes the plasma membrane less deformable.
Sports Drinks for Marathon Runners
- Sports drinks containing carbohydrates are isotonic to body fluids, preventing dehydration and promoting hydration during endurance activities.
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