30 Questions
What is the main difference between moral realism and ethical subjectivism?
Moral realism is based on objective facts, while ethical subjectivism is based on subjective attitudes.
What is the key characteristic of non-cognitivist theories?
Moral judgments are neither true nor false.
According to moral universalism, what is the scope of moral facts and principles?
They apply to everybody in all places.
What is the main argument of ethical subjectivism?
Moral judgments are dependent on personal attitudes or group standards.
What is the primary claim of emotivism, a form of non-cognitivist theory?
Moral judgments are expressions of emotions and feelings.
How do moral realism and ethical subjectivism differ in their approach to morality?
Moral realism is absolute, while ethical subjectivism is relative.
According to Kant, what is the highest good?
Goodwill
What is the essential characteristic of a good will according to Kant?
It habitually wills rightly
Why does Kant not consider happiness to be the highest good?
Because it can be corrupting and worthless without a good will
What is the key characteristic of a person of good will according to Kant?
They act from a sense of duty
Why is goodwill good in itself, according to Kant?
Because it is good without qualification
What is the correlation that Kant saw in law?
Between the intent of the law and the enforcement of law
What is the fundamental difference between moral rights and legal rights?
Moral rights are based on natural law, whereas legal rights are based on conventional law.
What is a characteristic of legal rights?
They are recognized and protected by the law.
What is the relationship between being moral and being legal?
They are practically related but not the same.
What is an example of a right based on ethics?
All of the above.
What sets the limits of a legal right's validity?
The jurisdiction of the body that passed the legislation.
What is the relationship between moral rights and natural law?
Moral rights are based on natural law.
What is the primary purpose of human laws in relation to the natural law?
To spell out what the natural law prescribes
What is the primary focus of the divine law?
Inward holiness and salvation
What is the basis of moral judgments according to Kant's ethical theory?
Reason and moral laws
What is the role of reason in determining the moral status of an action according to Kant?
Reason is the sole determinant of the moral status of an action
What happens to human laws that are against the natural law?
They are not considered real laws, and people are not obliged to obey them
What is the relationship between the human law and moral virtues?
The human law reinforces and cultivates moral virtues
What are the two conditions that social and economic inequalities must satisfy according to Rawls' Second Principle?
They must be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity, and they must be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society.
What is the primary goal of Rawls' principle of fair equality of opportunity?
To ensure that everyone has an equal chance of getting the best jobs and positions.
What is the term used by Rawls to refer to the best jobs in private business and public employment?
Offices and positions.
What is the primary way to achieve fair equality of opportunity, according to Rawls?
By providing equal access to education and eradicating discrimination.
What is the concept of social justice that Rawls' 'Justice as Fairness' principles is an example of?
Distributive justice.
What is the primary concern of Rawls' Second Principle of social justice?
Ensuring that social and economic inequalities benefit the least-advantaged members of society.
Test your understanding of John Rawls' Second Principle of social justice, which consists of Fair Equality of Opportunity and The Difference Principle. Learn how social and economic inequalities should be distributed to benefit the least-advantaged members of society.
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