Randomized Controlled Trials Overview

Questions and Answers

What does health literacy primarily focus on?

Understanding medical terms and jargon

The physical capabilities required for health assessments

The economic impacts of healthcare

The ability to access, comprehend, and apply health information (correct)

Which of the following is a stage in the Trans-theoretical Model?

Repetitive

Maintenance (correct)

Sustenance

Continuous effort

Social support can significantly influence what aspect of health behavior?

Genetic predispositions

Economic status

Adherence to treatment plans (correct)

Access to healthcare services

In the context of healthcare, social justice is primarily concerned with?

Equal access to healthcare resources for all individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which health behavior theory focuses on the interactions between the individual, their environment, and behaviors?

Social Cognitive Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Transtheoretical Model?

It includes the concept of relapse as a part of change. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of adherence in health behavior?

A patient's commitment to follow prescribed health plans Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the importance of intention in predicting health behaviors?

Theory of Planned Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What role do cultural factors play in health literacy?

They may create barriers to comprehending health information. Signup and view all the answers

How do economic factors affect social support in healthcare?

They can limit access to supportive resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy to improve health literacy among patients?

Review medication instructions in plain language Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is not part of the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM)?

Implementation Signup and view all the answers

In health behavior theories, what does positive reinforcement refer to?

Adding a pleasurable stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What should be the goal when providing health information to patients with lower health literacy?

Present information clearly and simply Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a confounder in a health study?

A participant's previous health conditions affecting disease risk Signup and view all the answers

How should health information be communicated to better ensure understanding among elderly patients?

Utilize simple words and clear instructions Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when applying the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Subjective norms can influence behavioral intentions Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy that can help improve a patient's adherence to treatment?

Use the teach-back method to confirm understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of systematic reviews in healthcare research?

To summarize evidence from multiple studies with clear criteria Signup and view all the answers

What does NNT stand for in clinical research?

Number Needed to Treat Signup and view all the answers

What is one key component of successful patient referrals?

Involving the patient in the choice of specialist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a barrier to healthcare access?

Financial limitations Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social support, which strategy is emphasized for improving adherence?

Creating a blame-free environment Signup and view all the answers

What principle is prioritized in the context of social justice within healthcare?

Equity, ensuring everyone receives the same resources Signup and view all the answers

What does the Two-Challenge Rule in mutual support emphasize?

Vocalizing concerns twice before escalating them Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended for enhancing health literacy among patients?

Providing clear and understandable educational resources Signup and view all the answers

In the SBAR communication technique, what does the 'B' stand for?

Background Signup and view all the answers

What role does internalized racism play in social justice issues within healthcare?

It leads to acceptance of negative self-perception Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a fundamental difference between clinical referrals and social service referrals?

Clinical referrals are only for medical needs, while social service referrals address broader needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes control beliefs in health behaviors?

They reflect personal confidence in influencing behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Population Attributable Risk

Measures disease cases in total population attributable to a specific exposure.

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)

Most powerful single study evidence, though costly and time-consuming.
Features two groups: Intervention and Control.
Randomization ensures unbiased group assignment.
Blinding can be single (patient unaware) or double (both patient and provider unaware).
Conducted in phases 0-4, with ethical considerations in place.

Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

NNT: Number of patients needing treatment for one to benefit.
NNH: Number of patients needing treatment for one to be harmed.

Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analysis

Systematic review consolidates evidence from multiple studies.
Meta-analysis mathematically combines results.
Requires clear inclusion/exclusion criteria and formation of research question (PICO).
Heterogeneity assessed using inconsistency index.
Fixed effects assume a common effect, while random effects acknowledge variations across studies.

Biases

Biases are systematic errors in estimating exposure/outcome relationships.
Information bias can result from inaccurate participant data.
Selection bias emerges when participants differ from the broader population.
Recall bias affects accuracy of reported exposures by patients.
Observer bias occurs when researchers' expectations shape their observations.
Misclassification places participants incorrectly in groups.

Confounders vs Effect Modifiers

Confounder: Associated variable that influences both exposure and disease outcomes.
Effect modifier: Variable that changes the strength of association between exposure and disease.
Collider: Influenced by two or more variables, affecting the outcome.

Health Literacy

Health literacy refers to the ability to obtain and understand health information for informed decision-making.
Only 12% of U.S. adults have proficient health literacy, often labeled non-compliant.
Factors influencing health literacy include age, income, education level, minority status, and language barriers.
Effective strategies include plain language, percentage usage, open-ended questions, and teaching back.

Health Behavior Theories

Classical conditioning links neutral stimuli with specific responses through reinforcement.
Operant conditioning involves adding or removing stimuli to reinforce or punish behaviors.

Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) & Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

TTM outlines stages individuals progress through when changing behavior.
TPB emphasizes the influence of beliefs about behavior outcome and perceptions of control.

Introduction to Epidemiology

Types of prevention: Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.
Key terms: Endemic (background rate), Epidemic (excess in a region), Pandemic (global excess).
Herd immunity is necessary to control certain diseases, e.g., measles requires 94%.

Epidemiological Measures

Incidence: New cases relative to at-risk population.
Prevalence: Total cases within the entire population.
Mortality: Deaths in a year relative to population size.
Case fatality: Deaths from a disease relative to total disease cases.

Study Designs

Case-Control Studies: Observational and analytical, comparing cases with controls based on exposure.
Cohort Studies: Separate groups based on exposure, can assess incidence and temporal relationships.
Biases include Neyman’s selection and recall biases.

Absolute Risk and Relative Risk

Absolute risk reflects the likelihood of developing a disease over time.
Relative risk compares the incidence of disease between exposed and unexposed groups.

Attributable Risk

Determines the number of disease cases attributed to a specific exposure.

Social support networks are essential for patient healing and compliance.
Effective strategies to enhance adherence include creating a blame-free environment and improving health literacy.

Transfers and Referrals

Referrals should prioritize patient needs, with ethical guidelines in place.
Components of referrals include specifics on the request, supporting data, and patient information.

Focus on barriers to care, including structural, financial, and cultural challenges.
Differentiates between equity (fairness) and equality (sameness).
Addresses various forms of racism affecting healthcare access.

ACA & Healthcare System

Discusses the structure of Medicare and the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

TeamSTEPPS

Leadership encompasses situation monitoring and designated leaders for team functions.
Communication is structured, using SBAR for effective hand-offs.
Mutual support and conflict resolution strategies, such as the Two-Challenge Rule and DESC method, enhance team dynamics.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals and methodologies of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). It covers key concepts including population attributable risk, experimental design, and the importance of randomization and blinding. Understanding these principles is vital for interpreting evidence in clinical research.