Rana tigrina Overview and Habitats
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Questions and Answers

How does the frog capture its prey?

  • The frog uses its strong jaws to grab prey.
  • The frog uses its sharp teeth to bite prey.
  • The frog uses its long, sticky tongue to capture prey. (correct)
  • The frog uses quick reflexes to ambush prey.

    • What is the function of the vomerine teeth in the frog?

  • To grasp and hold prey. (correct)
  • To help with digestion.
  • To crush and grind food.
  • To assist in swallowing.

    • What is the name of the opening that leads from the mouth into the digestive system?

  • Buccal cavity (correct)
  • Glottis
  • Duodenum
  • Cloacal aperture

    • What type of teeth do frogs have?

    <p>Homodont and polyphyodont (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the maxillary teeth found?

    <p>Upper jaw (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frog protect its eyes while swimming?

    <p>It uses a transparent membrane called the nictitating membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the articular pads on the frog's digits?

    <p>To provide grip and traction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tympanum in a frog?

    <p>It is used for hearing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the first finger of a male frog during breeding season?

    <p>It develops a thickened, swollen copulatory pad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cloacal aperture in a frog?

    <p>It is the opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the frog's forelimbs?

    <p>They have a thumb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frog prevent its prey from escaping?

    <p>It uses its teeth to prevent prey from escaping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frog camouflage itself?

    <p>It changes the color of its skin to match its surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a difference between male and female frogs?

    <p>Male frogs have vocal sacs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frog's skin contribute to its survival?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the frog's body is responsible for hopping?

    <p>Hindlimbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the maxillary teeth in the frog?

    <p>To prevent the escape of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does digestion begin in a frog?

    <p>Stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is food moved through the oesophagus of a frog?

    <p>By peristaltic contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the frog's stomach is responsible for secreting gastrin?

    <p>Cardiac part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the duodenum from the ileum in the frog's digestive system?

    <p>The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, while the ileum is the coiled portion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pyloric constriction (pylorus) in the frog's digestive system?

    <p>It regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the gall bladder to release bile into the duodenum?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "edentatous" mean in the context of the frog's anatomy?

    <p>Having no teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 'U'-shaped configuration formed by the stomach and duodenum in the frog?

    <p>It helps to prevent food from backing up into the oesophagus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

    <p>Converting pepsinogen to pepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT produced by the pancreas?

    <p>Enterokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile salts in digestion?

    <p>Emulsifying fats into smaller droplets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of fat digestion?

    <p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the duodenum regulate the activity of stomach glands?

    <p>Secreting enterogastrone, which inhibits stomach activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the digestion of carbohydrates is CORRECT?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase plays a key role in this process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hormone enterokinin?

    <p>Activates small intestine glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptidase in the digestive process?

    <p>Convert peptones and peptides into amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to excess glucose in the liver?

    <p>It is converted into glycogen and stored (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amino acids processed after absorption in the liver?

    <p>They enter the bloodstream and are used for protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the digestion of lactose?

    <p>Lactase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of villi in the duodenum and ileum?

    <p>To increase surface area for absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deamination in relation to amino acids?

    <p>The removal of amino groups from amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process prevents excessive water loss from the body?

    <p>Absorption in the large intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fats after they are absorbed in the gut?

    <p>They are transported to lacteal vessels and changed to fat droplets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Rana tigrina at the phylum level?

    <p>Chordata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Rana tigrina protect its eyes while underwater?

    <p>By using a nictitating membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season does Rana tigrina primarily breed?

    <p>Rainy season (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological state does Rana tigrina enter during winter?

    <p>Hibernation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables Rana tigrina to swim effectively in water?

    <p>Strong webbed hind-limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the body temperature of Rana tigrina in winter?

    <p>It lowers and the frog becomes inactive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows Rana tigrina to camouflage itself from predators?

    <p>Changing color to match surroundings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What storage form of energy does Rana tigrina rely on during hibernation?

    <p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Rana tigrina

    • Phylum: Chordata
    • Class: Amphibia
    • Order: Anura
    • Genus: Rana
    • Species: tigrina

    Systematic Position of Rana tigrina

    • Kingdom: Animalia
    • Phylum: Chordata
    • Group: Craniata
    • Subphylum: Vertebrata
    • Division: Gnathostomata
    • Super class: Tetrapoda

    Habitat and Habits of Rana tigrina

    • Found in freshwater ponds, tanks, rivers, ditches, and among green vegetation
    • Abundant during the rainy season
    • Recognized by their croaking sounds
    • Amphibious (live both in water and on land)
    • Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) - body temperature varies with environment

    Respiration and Protection in Aquatic Environments

    • Keeps snout above water surface for air intake through external nostrils
    • Eyes and tympanum also positioned above water surface
    • Nictitating membrane protects eyes in water

    Hibernation and Aestivation

    • During winter, lowers body temperature, becomes inactive, digs into the bottom of the pond (approx. 3/4 meter deep) for winter sleep (hibernation)
    • Mouth and nostrils remain closed during hibernation, no feeding, greatly reduced physiological activity
    • During winter, relies on glycogen stored in the liver for nutrition
    • When winter ends, the frog comes out and leads an active life. But after some time during severe summer, with rising temperatures, it goes underground and becomes inactive (aestivation)
    • Resumes active life with the commencement of the rainy season (amphibious life)

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Frog is a friend to agriculturists because it feeds on insects
    • Enemies include snakes, cranes, mongooses, and humans
    • Camouflage: changes color to match its surroundings, hiding in green vegetation

    External Features of Rana hexadactyla

    • Cloacal aperture
    • Femurs
    • Crura
    • Web
    • Toes
    • Antebrachium
    • Brachium
    • Tympanum
    • External Nares
    • Eyes
    • Upper eyelid
    • Nictitating membrane
    • Skin: Moist; ventral surface -faint yellow; dorsal surface - green with black spots
    • Triangular shape with a large broad mouth bounded by upper and lower jaws
    • Snout near the extremity of which are two external nostrils
    • Two round eyes - allows for panoramic vision without head movement
    • Three eyelids: upper (thick, immovable), lower (small, movable), third (nictitating membrane) - protects eyes

    Tympanum and Vocal Sacs

    • Round depression behind and slightly downward of each eye covered by a tough grey membrane
    • Vocal sacs present in male frogs, absent in females
    • Vocal sacs produce croaking sounds, particularly during breeding season

    Trunk

    • Main part of body with two pairs of legs (forelimbs, hind limbs)
    • Forelimbs consist of upper arm, forearm, hand; 4 digits, no thumbs.
    • Hind limbs are stronger, longer than forelimbs; thigh, shank, foot; 5 toes connected by web
    • Cloacal aperture at posterior end of trunk between hind limbs

    Sexual Differences

    • Males are larger than females
    • Males have more muscular fore limbs
    • Vocal sacs are present in males but absent in females
    • Copulatory pads thicken and swell during breeding season on the first finger

    Food and Prey Capture

    • Carnivorous (feeds on insects, fish, worms)
    • Sticky, prehensile tongue in buccal cavity
    • Tongue is capable of being projected out rapidly and is free and bifid
    • Prey is captured, withdrawn into buccal cavity
    • Teeth prevents escape of prey

    Digestive System

    • Alimentary canal extends from mouth to cloaca
    • Buccal cavity
    • Esophagus
    • Stomach: cardiac and pyloric parts; gastric glands secrete gastric juices (HCI and pepsinogen), converts pepsinogen to pepsin to digest protein
    • Small intestine: duodenum & ileum
    • Large intestine: rectum and cloaca
    • Glands: liver and pancreas

    Physiology of Digestion

    • Enzymes break down large food molecules into absorbable molecules
    • Digestion process converts these absorbed molecules into protoplasm, heat and energy → assimilation
    • Elimination of undigested food → egestion

    Buccal Cavity and Esophagus

    • Mouth is bordered by upper jaw with maxillary teeth and lower jaw without teeth
    • Prevents food escape from the mouth
    • No salivary gland within the buccal cavity, no digestion in buccal cavity
    • Esophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach, no digestion takes place here

    Stomach

    • Cardiac part secretes gastrin hormone stimulating gastric glands which produce mucous, HCI, and pepsinogen (converted to pepsin)
    • Chyme is made from food, which is pulpy from water in gastric juice
    • Proteins are broken down to peptones and proteoses
    • Carbohydrates and fats are not digested

    Duodenum

    • As food reaches duodenum, it stimulates the secretion of numerous hormones (secretin, cholecystokinin, enterokinase, and enterogesterone)
    • Hormones stimulate the pancreas and gall bladder secretions into the duodenum
    • Enterogesterones stop the activity of gastric glands of stomach

    Bile in Digestion

    • Bile neutralizes acidity of food, making it alkaline, and mixes with food; making it thinner
    • Does not contain digestive enzymes
    • Bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles

    Pancreatic Juice

    • Pancreatic enzymes (trypsinogen, amylase, lipase) break down food
    • Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase within the duodenal mucosa
    • Proteins are converted to peptides
    • Carbohydrates (starch) are converted to glucose
    • Fats are converted to fatty acid and glycerol

    Ileum (Small Intestine)

    • Intestinal juice (succus entericus) further digests food
    • Enzymes (sucrase, maltase, lactase, peptidase, erepsin, and lipase) continue carbohydrate and protein digestion
    • Breaks down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple absorbable substances
    • Nutrients absorbed into blood capillaries (Glucose, fructose, amino acids, fatty acid, glycerol)

    Rectum and Absorption

    • Rectum absorbs water
    • Undigested food is expelled through the cloaca
    • Villi increase surface area, facilitating absorption.
    • Blood vessels absorb digested nutrients for assimilation (hepatic portal vein)

    Assimilation and Egestion

    • Digested products are transported and used for building tissues, creating energy, and maintaining temperature.
    • Excess nutrients are stored or processed for further use
    • Undigested materials are moved into the rectum, then eliminated through the cloaca.

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    Explore the systematic classification, habitat, and unique behaviors of Rana tigrina, also known as the Indian bullfrog. This quiz covers its biological features, respiration adaptations in aquatic environments, and its hibernation and aestivation processes.

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