Radius of a Gold Nucleus

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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate energy of an alpha particle in joules?

1.2 x 10^-12 J

What is the charge of a gold nucleus in terms of elementary charge?

+79e

What is the ratio of the radius of an atom to the radius of its nucleus?

10,000:1

What is the approximate mass of 100 nucleons in units of u?

<p>100 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the radius of a nucleus and its relative atomic mass A?

<p>R = r0 A^(1/3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the constant r0 in the relationship R = r0 A^(1/3)?

<p>1.2 fm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of the nuclear density in SI units?

<p>kg/m^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many fundamental forces are there in the universe?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum energy required to create an electron-positron pair through pair production?

<p>1.02 MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the mass of a particle and its antiparticle?

<p>They always have the same mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main classes of fundamental particles?

<p>Hadrons and leptons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are quarks typically found in?

<p>Quark-antiquark pairs (mesons) or groups of three (baryons)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the baryon number of protons and neutrons?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the charge of quarks?

<p>Fractions of the elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the particles made up of quark-antiquark pairs?

<p>Mesons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy of a photon required to create a matter-anti matter pair?

<p>Greater than the combined rest masses of the two particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the force responsible for the decay of hadrons?

<p>The weak force</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are leptons not affected by the strong force?

<p>Because they are fundamental particles that do not participate in the strong nuclear force</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conserving lepton number in nuclear reactions?

<p>To conserve the charge and mass-energy of the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes neutrinos difficult to detect?

<p>Their very low mass and zero charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of radioactive decay that makes it unpredictable?

<p>It is a random process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the half-life in radioactive decay?

<p>It is the time taken on average for half of the active isotopes in a sample to decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of none of the sample decaying in a given time?

<p>Very small, but not zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of radioactive decay?

<p>Each decay follows a defined pattern, but the timing is random</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average time it takes for half of the sample to decay, and what is it represented by?

<p>Half-life, represented by 𝑡𝑡1/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the decay constant and half-life?

<p>𝜆𝜆𝑡𝑡1/2 = ln(2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the activity of a sample be used to find the decay constant?

<p>By plotting activity versus time on a logarithmic scale, the gradient will be the negative of the decay constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, and what is their approximate ratio?

<p>C-12, C-13, and C-14, with a ratio of approximately 99% C-12, 1% C-13, and trace amounts of C-14.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a mass spectrometer in radiocarbon dating?

<p>To find the abundance of the active isotope in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the half-life be estimated from a plot of activity versus time?

<p>The time taken for the activity to half will give an estimation of the half-life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the activity and the number of active isotopes?

<p>𝐴𝐴 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the logarithmic scale in plotting activity versus time?

<p>It allows us to obtain a straight line which represents ln(𝐴𝐴) = ln(𝐴𝐴0) − 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying assumption of radiocarbon dating?

<p>The ratio of C-12 to C-14 has remained constant throughout history</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is radiocarbon dating not suitable for samples much older than 5700 years?

<p>The amount of C-14 becomes immeasurably small</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which C-14 decays?

<p>Beta emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of comparing the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the dead tissue to the atmospheric composition?

<p>To estimate the time since the organism's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition necessary for nuclear fusion to occur in stars?

<p>High temperatures and pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the high temperatures and pressures in the core of stars?

<p>Gravitational pressure generated by the outer layers of the star</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative method used for dating samples older than 5700 years?

<p>Rubidium dating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary for living organisms to absorb C-14 during their lifetimes?

<p>So that the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the organism matches the atmospheric ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

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