Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an advantage of using nuclear medicine?
What is an advantage of using nuclear medicine?
- Can see spinal cord
- High anatomical detail
- Provides functional information (correct)
- Low radiation dose
What is a disadvantage of using CT scans with contrast?
What is a disadvantage of using CT scans with contrast?
- Poor tendon/ligament detail (correct)
- Can’t see vascular structures
- Provides functional information
- Can’t see spinal cord
How does ultrasound work?
How does ultrasound work?
- Piezoelectric effect (correct)
- X-ray
- Pharmacokinetics of radioactive isotopes
- Ionizing radiation
What is the echogenicity term for something that reflects sound waves?
What is the echogenicity term for something that reflects sound waves?
What is the fatal cancer risk per mSv of radiation?
What is the fatal cancer risk per mSv of radiation?
How many years of background radiation is a CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis equivalent to?
How many years of background radiation is a CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis equivalent to?
What is the radiation dose of a chest X-ray?
What is the radiation dose of a chest X-ray?
What is an advantage of using ultrasound?
What is an advantage of using ultrasound?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ultrasound?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ultrasound?
Which of the following is an advantage of MRI?
Which of the following is an advantage of MRI?
Which of these modalities is used for neuro imaging?
Which of these modalities is used for neuro imaging?
What is the difference between low frequency and high frequency ultrasound?
What is the difference between low frequency and high frequency ultrasound?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of MRI?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of MRI?
What is the relationship between MRI and NMR?
What is the relationship between MRI and NMR?
What is the primary purpose of radiology?
What is the primary purpose of radiology?
Which of the following is NOT a type of radiology modality?
Which of the following is NOT a type of radiology modality?
What is a significant disadvantage of X-rays?
What is a significant disadvantage of X-rays?
What is a key feature of Hounsfield units in CT scans?
What is a key feature of Hounsfield units in CT scans?
What does the term 'windowing' refer to in CT scans?
What does the term 'windowing' refer to in CT scans?
Why is there a large number of imaging tests conducted annually?
Why is there a large number of imaging tests conducted annually?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical planes used in radiology?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical planes used in radiology?
What can be inferred about MRI scans compared to X-rays?
What can be inferred about MRI scans compared to X-rays?
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Study Notes
What is Radiology?
- Radiology is the use of technology to see living anatomy
- It involves both diagnostic and interventional procedures
Why do I need to know Radiology?
- In 2021-22, there were 43.3 million imaging tests in the UK
- Breakdown of imaging tests:
- 21 million X-rays
- 10 million Ultrasounds
- 6.6 million CT Scans
- 3.7 million MRI Scans
Radiology Modalities
X-ray
- Uses ionizing radiation
- Advantages:
- Quick
- Available
- Good bone detail
- Good lung detail
- Disadvantages:
- Ionizing radiation
- Poor soft tissue detail
- 2D representation of 3D structures
CT (Computed Tomography)
- Concepts:
- Anatomical planes
- Orientation
- Density (Hounsfield units)
- Windowing
- Contrast
- Advantages:
- Quick
- 3D view
- Can see vascular structures with contrast
- Disadvantages:
- Ionizing radiation
- Can't see spinal cord
- Less detail in the brain
- Poor tendon/ligament detail
Nuclear Medicine
- Uses radioactive isotopes
- Types:
- V/Q
- Bone
- PET
- Advantages:
- Provides functional information
- Disadvantages:
- Ionizing radiation
- Poor anatomical detail
Radiation Dose
- Average background radiation: 2.2 mSv per year
- Radiation dose from various tests:
- Chest X-ray: 0.04 mSv (1 week)
- CT Chest, abdomen, and pelvis: 8 mSv (4 years)
Ultrasound
- Uses high-frequency sound waves
- How it works:
- Piezoelectric effect
- Echogenicity:
- Reflected
- Transmitted
- Inbetween
- Types:
- Anechoic
- Hypoechoic
- Isoechoic
- Hyperechoic
- Advantages:
- Quick
- Available
- No radiation
- Excellent soft tissue resolution
- Can see blood flow
- Disadvantages:
- Operator dependent
- Can't see through bone
- Can't see through air
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Uses magnets and radiowaves
- Advantages:
- Excellent soft tissue detail
- Fluid sensitive (can see oedema)
- No ionizing radiation
- Disadvantages:
- Slow - artefacts
- Contraindications
- Claustrophobic
- Bony detail not as good as X-ray or CT
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