Radiography Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What effect does an increase in milliamps (mA) or exposure time have on the number of x-rays produced?

  • Produces more photons hitting the receptor plate (correct)
  • Decreases image density
  • Decreases the number of x-rays produced
  • Decreases the energy of the x-rays

What happens when kVp is increased in the production of x-rays?

  • Decreases the energy of the x-rays
  • Produces a lower contrast in the image (correct)
  • Produces fewer photons hitting the receptor
  • Increases the probability of photon absorption

Which factor leads to a decrease in image density when x-raying an object?

  • Increase in source to object distance (correct)
  • Decrease in exposure time
  • Change in thickness of the absorber
  • Decrease in milliamps (mA)

What is the main cause of scattered radiation in a material when interacting with x-ray or gamma photons?

<p>Compton scatter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of grid removes scatter radiation reaching the detector, improving image contrast but increasing patient's exposure to radiation?

<p>Focused grid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of coughing in a dog with myxomatous mitral valve disease?

<p>Enlargement of the left atrium leading to mainstem bronchial compression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collimation in radiographic imaging?

<p>To guide the x-ray beam direction and control field size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cough center located in the brain?

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR)?

<p>CR involves more steps and is less efficient than DR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is calculated by subtracting the right ventricle stroke volume from the left ventricle stroke volume?

<p>Regurgitant stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is anaesthesia used when obtaining radiographic images of conscious animals?

<p>To avoid unnecessary stress on the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for the vaccine against Bordetella bronchiseptica?

<p>Oral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with restraining conscious animals during x-rays?

<p>Risk of injury to the patient or personnel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where on the thoracic wall can the tricuspid valve be heard most clearly in a dog?

<p>Third intercostal space, just above the sternum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should no humans be present in a room while radiation is being carried out?

<p>To prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy do gamma rays possess?

<p>Pure energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do X-rays have on most objects, including the body?

<p>Passing through most objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are medical x-rays used to generate images?

<p>Bones and soft tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter measures how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction?

<p>Ejection fraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary control over cough provided by higher brain centers (e.g., cerebral cortex)?

<p>Cough inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Calgary Cambridge Model?

<p>A framework for a consultation that aims to be patient-centered, collaborative, and adaptable to the client's needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between a clinical syndrome and a discrete disease process?

<p>A disease process includes the incubation period, prodromal period, period of illness, period of decline, and the period of convalescence, while a clinical syndrome is the signs of diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pathology study in relation to disease?

<p>Pathology studies the mechanisms of disease development and the structural changes associated with the disease process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitral valve in the heart?

<p>To separate the left atrium and left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does myxomatous mitral valve disease affect blood flow through the heart?

<p>It causes blood to flow backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MMVD stand for in relation to heart disease?

<p>Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a thrombus in the arteries supplying the brain?

<p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Virchow's triad, what factor predisposes a person to develop vascular thrombosis?

<p>Vessel wall injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) according to the Frank-Starling Law?

<p>Increased ESV stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pulse deficit and what could cause it according to the provided information?

<p>Fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats, possibly due to weak heart contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mendel's principle of inheritance regarding genetic characteristics?

<p>Genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, with some alleles being dominant and others recessive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if an organism is described as heterozygous according to Mendel's laws?

<p>The organism has two different copies of the allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a thrombus contribute to chronic venous insufficiency?

<p>It causes blood pooling and swelling in the veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Virchow's triad postulate as factors predisposing a person to develop vascular thrombosis?

<p>Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the heart's physiological ability to change its contraction force according to the Frank-Starling Law?

<p>Variations in venous return and ventricular filling volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a thrombus obstructing blood flow to an organ or tissue?

<p>Organ dysfunction leading to infarction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pulse deficit?

<p>Having fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law?

<p>They result in a weaker contraction of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mendel's principle of inheritance state?

<p>An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the recessive allele (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the terms 'congenital' and 'inherited'.

<p>Inherited means from birth, usually referring to a birth defect, while congenital means passed down by the parents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrombus?

<p>A blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Virchow's triad, what can predispose a person to develop vascular thrombosis?

<p>Alteration in blood flow in the vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of a thrombus?

<p>Ischemia, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, DVT, and chronic venous insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does aortic trifurcation occur?

<p>At the point where the abdominal aorta bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of external iliac arteries?

<p>To supply hind limbs with blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Virchow's triad postulate as factors predisposing a person to develop vascular thrombosis?

<p>Alteration in blood flow in vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pulse deficit?

<p>When there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Frank-Starling Law, why do premature ventricular contractions result in pulse deficits?

<p>They increase the volume of blood in relation to cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) according to the Frank-Starling Law?

<p>They increase stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mendel's principle of inheritance regarding genetic characteristics?

<p>An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'congenital' and 'inherited'?

<p>'Congenital' refers to conditions present at birth, while 'inherited' refers to conditions passed down through genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Virchow's triad postulate as factors predisposing a person to develop vascular thrombosis?

<p>Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, vessel wall injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrombus?

<p>A blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of a thrombus?

<p>Tissue damage or organ dysfunction due to lack of blood supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if an organism is described as heterozygous according to Mendel's laws?

<p>It has two different copies of the same allele (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombus predisposition according to Virchow's triad?

<p>Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, vessel wall injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effect of increasing kVp on the image contrast in radiographic imaging.

<p>Increasing kVp results in higher energy x-rays, which produce more photons hitting the receptor, leading to lower contrast (smaller difference between dark and light parts of the image).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of Compton scattering and its impact on radiographic imaging.

<p>Compton scattering is the interaction of photon with free electrons, resulting in scattered X-rays that deteriorate image contrast and quality. It leads to a background haze in an X-ray image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of collimation in radiographic imaging?

<p>Collimation limits the primary x-ray beam, reducing the risks of radiation by controlling the field size and minimizing scatter, thereby improving image quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR) in terms of image acquisition and availability.

<p>CR involves using special x-ray sensitive phosphor plates and a longer process, while DR generates an instantly available image by converting incident X-ray radiation into an electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difficulties in obtaining radiographic images of diagnostic quality in conscious animals.

<p>Obtaining diagnostic quality radiographic images in conscious animals is challenging due to the need for anesthesia to prevent movement, which can lead to unclear images. Restraining conscious animals can also cause stress and potential injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure and use of anti-scatter grids in radiographic imaging.

<p>Anti-scatter grids remove scatter radiation, improving image contrast but increasing patient's exposure to radiation. There are various types of grids, each with specific structures and uses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of increasing milliamps (mA) or exposure time on the number of x-rays produced and the resulting image density.

<p>Increasing milliamps (mA) or exposure time leads to the production of more x-rays, resulting in higher image density (darker image).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the interaction of x-ray photons with matter and the significance of their energy in penetrating objects.

<p>The ability of x-ray photons to penetrate matter depends on their energy; high-energy photons have a greater probability of penetrating matter, while low-energy photons are more likely to be absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of a greater distance between the x-ray machine and the object being x-rayed on the resulting image density.

<p>A greater distance leads to x-ray beams losing energy, resulting in an image with lower density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of thicker objects on the absorption of x-ray photons and the resulting image density.

<p>Thicker objects absorb more photons, meaning fewer reach the receptor, resulting in lower image density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Calgary Cambridge Model aim to develop a consultation?

<p>Patient-centered, collaborative, flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a clinical syndrome.

<p>Constellation of clinical findings caused by underlying disease(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a clinical syndrome and a discrete disease process.

<p>Clinical syndrome is signs of diseases, while disease process defines the progression of disease from infection to recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitral valve in the heart?

<p>Separates the left atrium and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the effects of myxomatous mitral valve disease on blood flow through the heart.

<p>Weakens the valve, causing blood to flow backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MMVD stand for in relation to heart disease?

<p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a disease process.

<p>Progression of disease from infection to recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the potential consequence of a thrombus obstructing blood flow to an organ or tissue.

<p>Tissue or organ damage due to lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of a thrombus?

<p>Tissue or organ damage due to lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of coughing in a dog with myxomatous mitral valve disease?

<p>Backward flow of blood into the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of coughing in a dog with myxomatous mitral valve disease?

<p>Mitral valve thickening/deforming reduces its effectiveness as a seal, resulting in backflow of blood from the left ventricle back to the left atrium. This backflow leads to an increase in left atrial pressure, atrial enlargement, and mainstem bronchial compression, contributing to a cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the neurological pathways responsible for coughing.

<p>The cough center lies in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. Cough receptors project through the vagus nerve to relay neurons in the solitary nucleus, which further project to other parts of the respiratory network, especially the pre-Bötzinger complex. Higher brain centers (cerebral cortex) provide voluntary control over cough, including cough inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define stroke volume and ejection fraction.

<p>Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction, while ejection fraction is a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction (normal is 55-70%).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common causative agents for Kennel Cough? Identify available vaccines and routes of administration.

<p>Common causative agents include Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2). Available vaccines include modified-live virus vaccines against distemper, parainfluenza, and CAV-2, which also provide protection against CAV-1. Routes of administration include injection, oral, and intra-nasal (for Bordetella bronchiseptica).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the properties of X- and gamma-rays.

<p>X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with higher energy, used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons, similar to visible light but with much higher energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where on the thoracic wall can each heart valve be heard most clearly in a dog?

<p>The pulmonic valve can be heard at the third intercostal space, just above the sternum. The aortic valve can be heard at the fourth intercostal space, just above the costochondral junction. The mitral valve can be heard at the fifth intercostal space, at the costochondral junction. The tricuspid valve can be heard in the fourth intercostal space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you manage a dog with suspected kennel cough in a hospital environment?

<p>If a dog requires hospitalization due to kennel cough, it should be housed in isolation from other animals in the hospital to prevent the spread of the highly contagious disease. Antibiotics are usually not needed unless there is evidence of pneumonia, as the disease is often self-limiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the user-defined controls on an X-ray machine and explain how these may affect the emergent X-ray beam and the resultant image.

<p>User-defined controls on an X-ray machine may include settings for kilovoltage (kVp) and milliampere seconds (mAs), which affect the quality and quantity of the emergent X-ray beam, thus influencing the resultant image's contrast and exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of myxomatous mitral valve disease on blood flow through the heart.

<p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease results in the thickening and deforming of the mitral valve, reducing its effectiveness as a seal. This leads to backflow of blood from the left ventricle back to the left atrium, causing an increase in left atrial pressure, atrial enlargement, and mainstem bronchial compression, contributing to cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the properties of X- and gamma-rays.

<p>X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with higher energy, used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons, similar to visible light but with much higher energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define pulse deficit and explain why premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law.

<p>Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats. Premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law because the premature ventricular contractions lead to an increased end systolic volume (ESV), which stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction that displaces the accumulated blood, thus causing pulse deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomy of the aortic trifurcation and its significance.

<p>The aortic trifurcation refers to the point at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries. It is significant as it is the principal artery of the hindlimbs and plays a crucial role in supplying blood to the hind limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Mendel's principle of inheritance and its implications.

<p>Mendel's principle of inheritance includes the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. It implies that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, some dominant and others recessive, and they segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the terms 'congenital' and 'inherited' in the context of genetic traits.

<p>Congenital refers to traits present from birth, often due to a birth defect, not necessarily inherited. Inherited traits are passed down from parents through genetic inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'thrombus', outline factors predisposing to its formation (Virchow's triad), and describe its consequences.

<p>A thrombus is a blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery. Factors predisposing to its formation include hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury. Consequences of a thrombus include ischemia, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and chronic venous insufficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) on pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law.

<p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) lead to an increased end systolic volume (ESV), which stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction that displaces the accumulated blood, thus causing pulse deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss Mendel's laws of inheritance and their implications for genetic characteristics.

<p>Mendel's laws include the law of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. They imply that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, with some being dominant and others recessive, and they segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elaborate on the significance of Virchow's triad in predisposing individuals to develop vascular thrombosis, and describe the consequences of thrombus formation.

<p>Virchow's triad outlines factors predisposing to vascular thrombosis, including hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury. Thrombus formation can lead to severe consequences such as ischemia, infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and chronic venous insufficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of pulse deficit and its association with premature cardiac contractions according to the Frank-Starling Law.

<p>Pulse deficit is characterized by fewer pulses in an artery than heartbeats, and premature cardiac contractions lead to pulse deficits through the impact on end systolic volume and ventricular contraction force according to the Frank-Starling Law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Mendel's principle of inheritance and its implications for genetic traits and characteristics.

<p>Mendel's principle of inheritance encompasses the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment, emphasizing the presence of genetic characteristics in multiple forms, with some being dominant and others recessive. It also highlights the segregation and independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'pulse deficit' according to the provided information.

<p>Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats heard through a stethoscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) on pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law.

<p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can result in pulse deficits by increasing the end systolic volume (ESV), which leads to a more forceful contraction of the heart and displacement of accumulated blood, returning ESV to baseline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Mendel's principle of inheritance.

<p>Mendel's principle of inheritance includes the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. It explains how genetic characteristics come in multiple forms (alleles) and how they are inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the terms 'congenital' and 'inherited'.

<p>Congenital refers to conditions present from birth, while inherited means the condition is passed down through genes from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'thrombus' and outline factors predisposing to its formation (Virchow's triad).

<p>A thrombus is a blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery. Factors predisposing to its formation include hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury or endothelial damage (Virchow's triad).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of a thrombus?

<p>The consequences of a thrombus include ischemia and organ dysfunction, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and chronic venous insufficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomy of the aortic trifurcation?

<p>The aortic trifurcation is the point at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries, supplying the hind limbs. It also involves the external and internal iliac arteries, which supply the pelvic structures and genitalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Mendel's law of dominance and uniformity.

<p>Mendel's law of dominance and uniformity states that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms (alleles), and some alleles are dominant while others are recessive. An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Frank-Starling Law and how does it relate to pulse deficits?

<p>The Frank-Starling Law outlines the heart's ability to change its contraction force and stroke volume in response to changes in venous return. Premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits by disrupting the balance between venous return, ventricular filling volume, and ventricular ejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pulse deficit and what could cause it according to the provided information?

<p>Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats heard through a stethoscope. It is caused by weak or asynchronous contractions of the heart, leading to an imbalance between heartbeats and pulses felt in the artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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