Radiography Techniques Quiz

Produces more photons hitting the receptor plate

Produces a lower contrast in the image

Increase in source to object distance

Compton scatter

Focused grid

Enlargement of the left atrium leading to mainstem bronchial compression

To guide the x-ray beam direction and control field size

Medulla oblongata

CR involves more steps and is less efficient than DR

Regurgitant stroke volume

To avoid unnecessary stress on the patient

Oral

Risk of injury to the patient or personnel

Third intercostal space, just above the sternum

To prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation

Pure energy

Passing through most objects

Bones and soft tissues

Ejection fraction

Cough inhibition

A framework for a consultation that aims to be patient-centered, collaborative, and adaptable to the client's needs

A disease process includes the incubation period, prodromal period, period of illness, period of decline, and the period of convalescence, while a clinical syndrome is the signs of diseases

Pathology studies the mechanisms of disease development and the structural changes associated with the disease process

To separate the left atrium and left ventricle

It causes blood to flow backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium

Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

Stroke

Vessel wall injury

Increased ESV stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction

Fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats, possibly due to weak heart contractions

Genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, with some alleles being dominant and others recessive

The organism has two different copies of the allele

It causes blood pooling and swelling in the veins

Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury

Variations in venous return and ventricular filling volume

Organ dysfunction leading to infarction

Having fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats

They result in a weaker contraction of the heart

An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the recessive allele

Inherited means from birth, usually referring to a birth defect, while congenital means passed down by the parents

A blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery

Alteration in blood flow in the vessels

Ischemia, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, DVT, and chronic venous insufficiency

At the point where the abdominal aorta bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries

To supply hind limbs with blood

Alteration in blood flow in vessels

When there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats

They increase the volume of blood in relation to cardiac output

They increase stroke volume

An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele

'Congenital' refers to conditions present at birth, while 'inherited' refers to conditions passed down through genes

Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, vessel wall injury

A blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery

Tissue damage or organ dysfunction due to lack of blood supply

It has two different copies of the same allele

Hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, vessel wall injury

Increasing kVp results in higher energy x-rays, which produce more photons hitting the receptor, leading to lower contrast (smaller difference between dark and light parts of the image).

Compton scattering is the interaction of photon with free electrons, resulting in scattered X-rays that deteriorate image contrast and quality. It leads to a background haze in an X-ray image.

Collimation limits the primary x-ray beam, reducing the risks of radiation by controlling the field size and minimizing scatter, thereby improving image quality.

CR involves using special x-ray sensitive phosphor plates and a longer process, while DR generates an instantly available image by converting incident X-ray radiation into an electrical charge.

Obtaining diagnostic quality radiographic images in conscious animals is challenging due to the need for anesthesia to prevent movement, which can lead to unclear images. Restraining conscious animals can also cause stress and potential injury.

Anti-scatter grids remove scatter radiation, improving image contrast but increasing patient's exposure to radiation. There are various types of grids, each with specific structures and uses.

Increasing milliamps (mA) or exposure time leads to the production of more x-rays, resulting in higher image density (darker image).

The ability of x-ray photons to penetrate matter depends on their energy; high-energy photons have a greater probability of penetrating matter, while low-energy photons are more likely to be absorbed.

A greater distance leads to x-ray beams losing energy, resulting in an image with lower density.

Thicker objects absorb more photons, meaning fewer reach the receptor, resulting in lower image density.

Patient-centered, collaborative, flexible

Constellation of clinical findings caused by underlying disease(s)

Clinical syndrome is signs of diseases, while disease process defines the progression of disease from infection to recovery

Separates the left atrium and left ventricle

Weakens the valve, causing blood to flow backward

Myxomatous mitral valve disease

Progression of disease from infection to recovery

Tissue or organ damage due to lack of blood supply

Tissue or organ damage due to lack of blood supply

Backward flow of blood into the left atrium

Mitral valve thickening/deforming reduces its effectiveness as a seal, resulting in backflow of blood from the left ventricle back to the left atrium. This backflow leads to an increase in left atrial pressure, atrial enlargement, and mainstem bronchial compression, contributing to a cough.

The cough center lies in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. Cough receptors project through the vagus nerve to relay neurons in the solitary nucleus, which further project to other parts of the respiratory network, especially the pre-Bötzinger complex. Higher brain centers (cerebral cortex) provide voluntary control over cough, including cough inhibition.

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction, while ejection fraction is a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction (normal is 55-70%).

Common causative agents include Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2). Available vaccines include modified-live virus vaccines against distemper, parainfluenza, and CAV-2, which also provide protection against CAV-1. Routes of administration include injection, oral, and intra-nasal (for Bordetella bronchiseptica).

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with higher energy, used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons, similar to visible light but with much higher energy.

The pulmonic valve can be heard at the third intercostal space, just above the sternum. The aortic valve can be heard at the fourth intercostal space, just above the costochondral junction. The mitral valve can be heard at the fifth intercostal space, at the costochondral junction. The tricuspid valve can be heard in the fourth intercostal space.

If a dog requires hospitalization due to kennel cough, it should be housed in isolation from other animals in the hospital to prevent the spread of the highly contagious disease. Antibiotics are usually not needed unless there is evidence of pneumonia, as the disease is often self-limiting.

User-defined controls on an X-ray machine may include settings for kilovoltage (kVp) and milliampere seconds (mAs), which affect the quality and quantity of the emergent X-ray beam, thus influencing the resultant image's contrast and exposure.

Myxomatous mitral valve disease results in the thickening and deforming of the mitral valve, reducing its effectiveness as a seal. This leads to backflow of blood from the left ventricle back to the left atrium, causing an increase in left atrial pressure, atrial enlargement, and mainstem bronchial compression, contributing to cough.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with higher energy, used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons, similar to visible light but with much higher energy.

Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats. Premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits according to the Frank-Starling Law because the premature ventricular contractions lead to an increased end systolic volume (ESV), which stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction that displaces the accumulated blood, thus causing pulse deficits.

The aortic trifurcation refers to the point at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries. It is significant as it is the principal artery of the hindlimbs and plays a crucial role in supplying blood to the hind limbs.

Mendel's principle of inheritance includes the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. It implies that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, some dominant and others recessive, and they segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.

Congenital refers to traits present from birth, often due to a birth defect, not necessarily inherited. Inherited traits are passed down from parents through genetic inheritance.

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery. Factors predisposing to its formation include hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury. Consequences of a thrombus include ischemia, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and chronic venous insufficiency.

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) lead to an increased end systolic volume (ESV), which stretches the walls of the heart, resulting in a more forceful contraction that displaces the accumulated blood, thus causing pulse deficits.

Mendel's laws include the law of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. They imply that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms, with some being dominant and others recessive, and they segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.

Virchow's triad outlines factors predisposing to vascular thrombosis, including hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury. Thrombus formation can lead to severe consequences such as ischemia, infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and chronic venous insufficiency.

Pulse deficit is characterized by fewer pulses in an artery than heartbeats, and premature cardiac contractions lead to pulse deficits through the impact on end systolic volume and ventricular contraction force according to the Frank-Starling Law.

Mendel's principle of inheritance encompasses the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment, emphasizing the presence of genetic characteristics in multiple forms, with some being dominant and others recessive. It also highlights the segregation and independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation.

Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats heard through a stethoscope.

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can result in pulse deficits by increasing the end systolic volume (ESV), which leads to a more forceful contraction of the heart and displacement of accumulated blood, returning ESV to baseline.

Mendel's principle of inheritance includes the laws of dominance and uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment. It explains how genetic characteristics come in multiple forms (alleles) and how they are inherited.

Congenital refers to conditions present from birth, while inherited means the condition is passed down through genes from parents to offspring.

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery. Factors predisposing to its formation include hypercoagulability of blood, alteration in blood flow, and vessel wall injury or endothelial damage (Virchow's triad).

The consequences of a thrombus include ischemia and organ dysfunction, infarction, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and chronic venous insufficiency.

The aortic trifurcation is the point at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries, supplying the hind limbs. It also involves the external and internal iliac arteries, which supply the pelvic structures and genitalia.

Mendel's law of dominance and uniformity states that genetic characteristics come in multiple forms (alleles), and some alleles are dominant while others are recessive. An organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele.

The Frank-Starling Law outlines the heart's ability to change its contraction force and stroke volume in response to changes in venous return. Premature cardiac contractions result in pulse deficits by disrupting the balance between venous return, ventricular filling volume, and ventricular ejection.

Pulse deficit is when there are fewer pulses felt in an artery than there are heartbeats heard through a stethoscope. It is caused by weak or asynchronous contractions of the heart, leading to an imbalance between heartbeats and pulses felt in the artery.